Psychology 140 - Exam 4 Study Guide

this researcher emphasized the role of the teacher and expert in learning

Vygotsky

this researcher was pessimistic about a child's abilities to learn by himself

Vygotsky

according to Vygotsky, in an ideal learning situation, adults give much assistance to young children early on. As the children become more competent, the adult begins to withdraw direct assistance. this illustrates the zone of_______

proximal development

which Piagetian substage occurs during the preoperational stage:

A. secondary circular reactions

B. symbolic function

C. metacognition

B. symbolic function

Why do young children fail conservation tasks, according to Piaget?

centration

_______ according to Piaget, is the ability to understand that altering physical appearance does not necessarily change the amount of that substance

conservation

which theorist, Piaget or Vygotsky, thought that collaborative work with teachers or older peers is the key to cognitive development?

Vygotsky

T/F gender constancy is similar to Piaget's idea of conservation

true

according to Piaget, _______ are mental activities

operations

Which theorist, Piaget or Vygotsky, thought that self-discovery was the key to cognitive development

Piaget

which of the following accurately describes Discovery Learning?

A. children learn by actively exploring - emphasis on hands on learning

B. children learn by reading about experiments - emphasis on critical reading

C. children learn by traveling to different countries - emphasis on a global perspective

D. none of the above

A. children learn by actively exploring - emphasis on hands on learning

which of the following accurately describes Piaget's views on assimilation and accommodation?

A. problem-solving skills must be discovered; they cannot be taught

B. problem-solving skills must be taught; they cannot be discovered

C. the process of learning is not important; only the end product is important

D. none of the above

A. problem-solving skills must be discovered; they cannot be taught

this researcher focused on how young children experiment on their world in order to learn about it

Piaget

T/F myelination can impact the way children think

true

Synaptic _______ occurs when under-utilized synaptic connection die

pruning

the process by which neurons become insulated with a layer of fat cells is known as _______

myelination

Gender ____________ theory states that children learn what society thinks about male- and female-appropriate behaviors and that they organize new information according to these models.

schema

T/F children in early childhood as well as elementary school tend to associate with children of the same gender

true

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the most negative long-term outcomes

A. authoritarian

B. authoritative

C. permissive

D. neglectful

D. neglectful

T/F it is common for young children to engage in gender stereotyping

true

T/F neglect is not a form of child abuse

false

T/F researchers on gender and early childhood indicate that it's rare for children of this age group to behave in very gender stereotypical ways

false

T/F children are not born with the ability to take another's perspective

true

T/F when children play pretend games with one another, they are showing a reduction in egocentrism

true

what is the age range for Piaget's pre-operational stage?

2-7 years old

what are 2 biological reason for why young children think inefficiently?

myelination and pruning not complete

which researcher described the zone of proximal development

A. piaget

B. vygotsky

B. vygotsky

this researcher underestimated how early children attain object permanence

A. piaget

B. vygotsky

A. piaget

this researcher viewed "nurture" over "nature" as the primary contributor to child cognitive development

A. piaget

B. vygotsky

B. vygotsky

T/F early childhood experiences are a key mechanism for brain development

true

Zane tells his mother that the flowers are sad and crying. According to Piaget, how could this behavior best be described?

animism

what age group of children is most likely to experience child abuse

under age 7

Little Amy sees a women with short hair and thinks that she is looking at a boy. Am may not have developed _______

gender constancy

which of the following accurately describes Piaget's view on children's readiness

A. children should not be taught certain concepts until they are developmentally ready to receive that information

B. children should be introduced to academic concepts as early as possible to maximize

C. both A and B

D. neither A nor B

A. children should not be taught certain concepts until they are developmentally ready to receive that information

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the best long-term outcomes

A. authoritarian

B. authoritative

C. permissive

D. neglectful

B. authoritative

In the Vygotskian model of learning, _____ is when teachers adjust the level of support they give to students

scaffolding

_________ are tree-like branches of neursons

dendrites

T/F there are wide ranges of what is typical motor development. Each child develops differently, and there is usually no cause for concern unless a child is substantially behind the recommended ranges

true

the overlap in the age guidelines, which points to the ________ _______ of motor development

continuous nature

a primary type of neural growth during early childhood is the future development of connections between neurons. These connections take place where?

at the synapse

additional brain development occurs early in childhood. first, ________ begins

myelination

what process has a direct impact on the thinking process of young children

myelination

what begins to occur simultaneously as myelination takes place

synaptic pruning

what process continues throughout childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood, resulting in a more efficient adult brain?

synaptic pruning

what are the two substages in the preoperational stage

symbolic function and intuitive thought

who was a theorist who had greatly impacted both eastern and western early childhood educational models?

Vygotsky

what can be used to achieve more skill and competence?

scaffolding

gender is another prime example of what kind of interaction?

genotype-environment interaction

who developed an extremely influential categorization of parenting styles?

diana baumrind

what does "operations" mean?

mental activities, like adding and subtracting

At the beginning of the preoperational stage, how do children often play?

parallel play

T/F lines between reality, and imagination are blurred in early childhood

true

when a child can focus on more than one aspect of a situation at the same time, they have the ability to ________

decenter