2.2: Network Hardware

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28 Terms

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Network Devices

Different devices and components in a network have different roles; some functions are combined, like wireless router/switch/firewall.

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Router

Routes traffic between IP subnets by making forwarding decisions based on IP address.

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Layer 3 Switch

A switch that includes routing functionality; essentially a router inside a switch.

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Router Connections

Connects diverse network types like LAN, WAN, copper, and fiber.

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Switch

A hardware bridge that forwards traffic based on MAC (data link) address using an ASIC.

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Multilayer Switch

A switch that includes Layer 3 routing capabilities.

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Unmanaged Switch

A plug-and-play switch with little to no configuration options; no VLANs or management protocols.

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Managed Switch

Supports VLANs, traffic prioritization, STP, port mirroring, and SNMP-based management.

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Access Point

A bridge that extends a wired network to a wireless one by forwarding traffic based on MAC address.

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Wireless Router

A combination device that includes router and access point functionality.

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Patch Panel

A passive device where cables are permanently punched down and connected to patch cables.

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Firewall

Filters traffic by port number (TCP/UDP), can proxy/encrypt traffic, and typically operates at OSI Layer 3.

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Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Provides power and network over a single Ethernet cable.

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Endspan PoE

PoE built into the switch itself.

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Midspan PoE

PoE power is added through an in-line power injector.

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PoE (802.3af)

Provides 15.4W of DC power with 350 mA max current.

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PoE+ (802.3at)

Provides 25.5W of DC power with 600 mA max current.

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PoE++ (802.3bt Type 3 & 4)

Provides up to 51W or 71.3W depending on type, supports 10GBASE-T.

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Hub

A multi-port repeater that repeats traffic to all ports; operates half-duplex and is largely obsolete.

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Cable Modem

Uses DOCSIS to provide high-speed broadband internet over cable; supports data, voice, and video.

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DSL Modem

Uses telephone lines (ADSL); asymmetric download/upload speeds with distance limits from CO.

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ONT (Optical Network Terminal)

Connects ISP fiber network to customer's copper network; serves as the demarcation point.

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Demarcation Point (Demarc)

Physical boundary where the ISP's network ends and the customer’s network begins.

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NIC (Network Interface Card)

Fundamental hardware that connects a device to the network; specific to Ethernet, WAN, or wireless.

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Software Defined Networking (SDN)

Separates network functionality into planes (data, control, management) for centralized management.

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SDN Infrastructure Layer (Data Plane)

Processes and forwards frames/packets; performs NAT, encryption, etc.

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SDN Control Layer (Control Plane)

Manages routing/session/NAT tables and dynamic updates.

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SDN Application Layer (Management Plane)

Used to configure and manage the network through SSH, web browser, or API.