CHPT 21: thermoregulation & 24: diabetes

What is hemothermic? Why is this needed?

maintaining a constant internal temp, bc enzyme and proteins can function

What is endothermic?

generating heat from the inside

Where is the periperhal temp located?

limbs and extemeties

Where is the core body temp located?

abdominal, thoracic and CNS

What are the four ways to gain or lose heat?

radiation, convection, conduction, and evaporation

How does radiation gain/lose heat? w/ eg

Heat can come unto the body (like fire) or come off (in a cold area)

How does conduction gain/lose?

When we come in contact (w/ human or object) heat can come unto us or leave

How does convection gain or lose heat?

heat can come unto our body or off thru WATER or AIR MOVING around you

How does evaporation ONLY lose heat? which type of evaporation is this?

thru sweating (a PASSIVE evaporation)

What intergrating center your body temp?

hypothalamus

What are the two thermoreceptors that the hypothalmus controls? And what do each detect?

peripheral = detect temp change in skin central = dectect change in core

How does the peripheral thermorectoprs, (located in skin..) return body temp to normal?

Feed FORWARD response (changes temp BEFORE it affects core)

How does central thermorecepors (in core of body..) return body temp to normal?

negative feedback

What is HYPOthermia and HYPERthermia?

hypothermia is a decrease in core temp

hyperthermia is a increase in core temp

What can hyperthermia lead to?

heat exhaustion (can be fixed) and heat stroke (can’t be fixed)

what is the difference between hyperthermia and fever?

fever is a increase in SET POINT ( ideal Temp body tries to maintain)

hyperthermia is just an increase in core temp

After the thermoreceptors, detect the change WHAT are the effectors that act out the change?

Sweat glands, skeletal ms, and smooth ms.

How do smooth ms act to increase or decrease body temp?

Vasodilate to LOSE heat or vasoconstrict to KEEP heat

How does skeletal ms keep heat? How does sweat glands lose heat?

shivering; sweating

When shivering is not enought WHAT is another way to generate heat?

brown-adipose tissue uses an electron-chain transport to make ATP

How is a fever formed? Why do we shiver/feel cold w/ a fever?

Neutrophils and monoctyes secrete PYROGENS which increase the set point temp.

shivering happens bc the increase set point makes body think its normal temp is cold

what is the diff between Diabetes type 1a and 1b?

1a = autoimmnue (born w/ damaged beta cells) and 1b = idopathic (no known cause)

Which is commonly found in young ppl? Diabetes type 1 or 2? what abt older adults?

1 in younger ppl, 2 in older adults

Which type of diabetes is most commonly diagnosed? Which is least common?

Type 2 , type 1 n

What is the MAJOR affect diabetes (1 & 2) has on the body? (that affects other parts as well)

increase in blood viscoity from high glucose decrease o2 to organs WHICH can lead to decrease function of organs

What is a comman affect diabetes 1 cause in the body? hwo does this happen?

ketoacidosis; increase in ketones in blood WHICH break up fat for energy BUT ketones are highly acidic

How does the body compensate for the high ketones (causes met. acidosis..) ?

respiatrory comp ( hyperventilation), renal comp (ketones in urine), & ketones in urine causes hypotension

What are the three things that diabetes affects when you get a wound? What is neuropathy?

delayed RBC to wound, decrease in cytokines, and neuropathy (loss of sensation)

Why does diabetes cause a decrease in RBC’s to wound?

BC of the increase blood viscotity RBC are less flexible to fit thru the fibrin

How does a decrease in cytokines affect wound care?

Cytokines call for other moleuces like growth factors, WBC, and fibroblast, (which make new tissues)

What tyoe of insulin levels would a type 1 diabetic have?

very low levels

What type of insulin levles would a type 2 diabetic have?

high or normal levels