Ch. 7 Anatomy

Thorax or thoracic cavity

contains the lungs and the heart; pleural spaces enclose the lungs under the skeletal system.

Mediastinum

represents the middle portion of the chest; pericardium.

Pericardium

a sac-like structure that surrounds the heart; it consists of a fibrous connective tissue

pericardial tamponade

when blood escapes from the heart or aorta and fills the pericardium.

Peritoneum

the covering of the abdominal cavity; below the diaphragm and contains the abdominal organs (viscera).

axial skeleton

comprises skull, sternum and vertebral spine

__ single skull bones fused together to create the cranium

28

cranium

protects the brain and facial bones; composed of parietal, frontal, temporal, and occipital bones

vertebral spine is comprised of

cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumbar vertebrae (5), and sacral vertebrae (5 fused)

Joint

the place where two or more bones connect. different types based on their actions. also known as an articulation.

ligaments

holds articulations at the joints between the bones together.

muscles

perform by contracting through insertion points across joints. named according to their action, location, point of attachment, and shape. contract only when they are stimulated by a nervous impulse.

how many pairs of nerves attach directly to the spinal cord and stimulate or innervate the skeletal muscle?

31

peripheral nervous system

comprises the cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.

cranial nerves

12 specialized nerves that innervate sensory (smell, hearing, sight, balance) and motor functions.

autonomic nervous system

a motor nerve system that controls all involuntary smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.

spinal nerves

emerge from the intervertebral space and have both sensory and motor functions. they innervate dermatomes/spinal cord levels.

heart

size of a fist; weighs 250-350 grams. contains 4 chambers

4 chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Myocardium

muscular layer of the heart.

pulmonic and aortic valves

contain three pocket-like cusps, which balloon out as they are filled with blood, thus closing the opening.

tricuspid and mitral valves

also called atrioventricular valves. mv is supported by two papillary muscles.

coronary circulation

arises from the aortic valve sinus

right coronary artery

supplies blood to the SA node, AV node, right atrium, and right posterior wall of the left and right ventricles and the posterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle.

left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery

supplies the anterior two-thirds of the septum, the anterior portion of the right and left ventricles, and the anterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle.

left circumflex coronary artery

supplies the posterior wall of the left ventricle and left atrium.

systemic circulation

Blood is supplied to the tissues from the left side of the heart, through the aorta to branching arteries of decreasing size, to minute one-celled capillary beds, and into the organs. once it has passed through the capillary bed, blood drains into a system of veins of increasing size and returns to the right side of the heart.

Pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the pulmonary artery of the heart into the lungs and back to the left atrium.

blood returns to the heart from the head through

the jugular veins and the subclavian veins of the upper extremities; they join to form the superior vena cava, which empties to the right atrium.

blood returns to the heart from the abdomen and lower extremities through

the internal iliac veins, combine to form the inferior vena cava, that drains into the right atrium.

lymphatic system

a network of capillaries that transports “tissue fluid” known as lymph. eventually drains into the venous system.

lymphatic channel

drains lymph nodes; provides a pathway for the transportation of lymphocytes and antibodies. transports cancerous cells from body organs, providing a pathway for metastasis for the cancer cells.

Rugae

the folds or wrinkles in the interior of the stomach.

colon (proximal to distal)

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

liver

typically weighs 1200-1700 grams and is divided into right (larger) and left lobes.

spleen

fist-sized organ located at the cardiac end of the stomach. functions as a filter for bacteria and a sieve for removing obsolescent red blood cells.