Ch 8A

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints?

cartilaginous

Cartilaginous is a structural classification for joints.

Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable?

amphiarthrosis

Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints.

The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of that joint.

True

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.

amphiarthroses

All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.

False

All three joints in the figure are classified as __________.

Fibrous joints

In all three joints, bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity.

Which of the following best describes all of the joints in this figure?

They are immovable

These joints are all considered to be immovable during normal conditions.

Which of the following is true regarding the structure indicated by the arrow in Figure A?

It becomes ossified late in adult development

The dense connective tissue that originally forms sutures ossifies to form synostoses during middle age.

The arrows in B and C point to structures that can both be described as __________.

ligaments

The band of fibrous tissue that connects two bones is generally referred to as a ligament. In the case of the gomphosis shown in C, the fibrous connection is specifically termed the periodontal ligament.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint?

A symphysis

A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint, not a fibrous joint.

Using the structural classification, what type of joint is a suture?

Fibrous joint

Sutures are fibrous, synarthrotic joints.

On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?

syndesmosis

Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

An example of an interosseus fibrous joint is ________.

the radius and ulna along its length

A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.

gomphosis

Which of these terms best categorizes the joints in the figure?

cartilaginous joints

All of these joints are composed primarily of cartilage (hyaline and/or fibrocartilage).

What material is found in C and D that is not found in A and B?

fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage forms part of the articular materials on the bones shown in C and D, but it is not found in A and B.

Which of the joints will eventually develop into a synostosis?

A

Endochondral ossification of the growth plate leads to the eventual fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis to form a synostosis.

Which of the following best describes the joint labeled B in the figure?

synarthrotic

The cartilage joint formed between the first rib and the manubrium is immovable.

Synarthrotic joints ________.

are immovable joints

A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint.

Cartilaginous

Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. Fibrocartilage holds together symphyses.

Which of the following are correctly paired?

synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

A synchondrosis is a plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones. Epiphyseal plates are examples of synchondroses.

suture

joint found only in the skull

Gomphosis

tooth in socket

Syndesmosis

bones are connected exclusively by ligaments

Symphysis

bones united by fibrocartilage

Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?

cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones

Which of the following are cartilaginous joints?

Synchrondroses

A joint united by fibrocartilage tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.

symphysis

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.

hyaline cartilage

Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility.

false

Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint?

diarthrotic

Synovial joints are considered to be freely movable and are therefore described as diarthrotic.

Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood.

true

Which of the following best describes the surface of the structure at D?

loose connective tissue

This is a synovial membrane containing loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid.

Structures C and D collectively form which of the following?

articular capsule

The synovial membrane and the fibrous layer that covers it collectively form the articular capsule.

Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris.

true

An individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther than normal. What does it mean to be "double-jointed?"

the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal

What are menisci (articular discs)?

wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity

Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?

hinge joint

Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?

Bursar are flattened fibrious sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrious sacs that wrap around tendons

Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Both bursae and tendon sheaths are associated with synovial joints, both reduce friction between adjacent structures, and both contain a thin film of synovial fluid.

The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to unite bones and prevent undesirable movement.

True

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.

bursae

Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint?

tendon sheath

The most important factor in joint stability is the depth of the articular surface.

false

The deeper the articular surface, the more stable the joint, but it seems that the strength of the muscles that cross the joint is the most important factor.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability?

the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity

The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints.

Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________.

shape of articular surfaces

Based on the shape of their articular surfaces, which in turn determines the movements allowed, synovial joints can be classified into six major categories: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar (or ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

What factor would account for a strong synovial joint?

the deepest articular surface

The deepest articular surface would likely lead to a strong synovial joint.

What is a common characteristic of a syndesmosis and a symphysis?

Both may be slightly movable

Depending on the length of the fibers uniting the bones in a syndesmosis, the joint may permit some movement. Symphyses, where bones are united by fibrocartilage, also permit some movement. Both may be classified as amphiarthroses.

What structural arrangement usually permits the greatest freedom of movement in a joint?

bones joined by a fluid-filled articular capsule

Most joints of the body and nearly all the joints in the limbs are __________.

diarthrotic synovial joints

Synovial joints contain synovial fluid to permit greater mobility. Joints that are classified as diarthrotic are freely moving. Most joints of the highly mobile skeleton are diarthrotic synovial joints.

Which types of joints may form synostoses during normal growth and development?

synchrondroses and sutures

Sutures between the skull bones fuse together to form the strong and immobile cranium. Likewise, the synchondroses of the epiphyseal plates in a long bone ossify, fusing the epiphyses to the diaphysis. Both of these events occur during normal growth and development of the skeleton.