Nature vs Nurture

‘nature’ refers to biological and inborn factors that are… however this is not always the case because things can happen that change nature

immutable

‘nurture’ refers to acquired and changeable factors, however it should be noted that nurture…

is not always a choice or controllable

studying the origins of SOGI is important because if there is an absence of correct explanations…

then incorrect explanations prevail

biological explanations for SOGI are often correlated with… this concept was coined by…

less prejudice towards sexual minorities; Bowers & Whitley, Haslam & Levy, Glazier et al

Richard Isay suggests that regarding ‘early detection’ of SOGI, if some could be identified early enough, it might be possible to…

counsel parents and family to minimise or avoid rejection and injury to self-esteem and self-image

Julie Bakker suggested that the earlier…

being transgender is detected, the better the outcome of treatment

homosexuality in nature is very common and observable in over 1500 species. This is proposed by…

Monk et al 2019

According to natural selection, genes are… and it favours traits that increase…

inherently selfish; total offspring production

Gomez et al suggested that homosexuality in nature occurs due to: nonadaptive hypothesis, which states that…

and the adaptive hypothesis which refers to…

an inexpensive mistake associated with an adaptive trait due to primordial indiscriminability; positive social relationships and conflict prevention

androgen sensitivity syndrome means XY people…

can develop female genitalia

congenital adrenal hyperplasia can cause…

virilisation in XX

much of sexual expression is not dimorphic, for example there is significant overlap in…

between group and within group variation for male and female heights

what area of the brain is dimorphic? what does this do?

third interstitial of anterior hypothalamus; influences sexual behaviour in mammals

the atypical sexual differentiation theory suggests that standard sex development and puberty leads to… and therefore atypical development will lead to…

standard sexual characteristics; masculinsation in females and feminisation in males

Eugen Steinach was controversial with his guinea pig research because he believed…

that transplanting ‘healthy’ testes cells into gay men will ‘cure’ homosexuality

regarding hormones, both adult gay men and lesbians show…

standard levels of testosterone and androgen 

there is no difference between pre- and post-menopausal women or…

cisgender men in the INAH3 area

Kurth et al 2022 created an algorithm that learned to… Based on this classification, transgender women prior to hormone treatment were…

classify cisgender men and womens brains based on any combination of areas; somewhere in between

concordance rates for sexual orientation in MZ vs DZ: 

for transgender: 

65% vs 30%; 28% vs 2%

conversion therapy is a form of… which takes the form of…

social/gender training; psychoanalysis, CBT, aversion therapy and abstinence training

retrospective self-report studies for conversion therapy found that… but Beckstead and Morrow found that…

some reported being no longer homosexual or experiencing a change in sexual orientation; majority disagreed on conversion therapy and no participants showed a change in same-sex attraction

some harms of conversion therapy include…

increases in anxiety, suicide attempts, sexual dysfunction, depression

‘soft’ conversion therapy refers to how bisexuality…

is viewed as a symptom and involves trying to convince bisexual people to either be gay or be straight

Dean Hamer proved what about science and discourse?

that there is a risk when using science for a political discourse as those who do not fit profiles will be excluded

Julia Serano for science and gatekeeping showed that there is a risk of not acknowledging biases in science, which means…

scientists may be given the power to gatekeep and therefore deny transgender people help

psychology can be viewed as an ‘oppressor’ according to Jen Tosh, this is because what may appear neutral and scientific masks the power to…

include, exclude, normalise or pathologise