Introduction to Biotechnology Lecture Notes

A set of practice flashcards cover the definition, history, types, and modern applications of biotechnology as presented in the lecture notes.

Biotechnology is defined as using living organisms or their products for __________ to make a product or solve a problem.

human benefit

The domestication of plants like barley and wheat occurred around __________.

$$10,500\,BC$$

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 from the fungus named __________.

Penicillium chrysogenum

Modern biotechnology as an industry began with __________, a technique that allows DNA from different sources to be combined.

Recombinant DNA technology

In 1973, genetic engineering was pioneered by Stanley Cohen and __________.

Herbert Boyer

The international effort to identify all human genes and their loci, known as the Human Genome Project, took place between 1990 and __________.

$$2003$$

In biotechnology, the manufactured protein __________ is used to treat hemophilia.

Blood factor VIII

The protein produced from cloned genes used to treat heart attacks and stroke is __________.

Tissue plasminogen activator

The first FDA approval for a recombinant human insulin, Humulin R, occurred in the year __________.

$$1982$$

According to the United Nations, food production will need to be raised by approximately __________ to feed the predicted 2050 world population of $9.1\,billion$.

$$70\%$$

Female __________ animals can express therapeutic proteins from genes of another source in their milk.

transgenic

Researchers use __________ experiments to disrupt a gene and determine its specific role or function in an organism.

gene knockout

In 1988, __________ developed the modern process of DNA profiling at the University of Leicester.

Alec Jeffreys

The use of living organisms to process, degrade, and clean up environmental pollutants is known as __________.

Bioremediation

Raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for food, known as __________, accounts for $50\%$ of all fish consumed by humans worldwide.

Aquaculture

The chemical equation for the fermentation of sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide is __________.

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow 2\,C_2H_5OH + 2\,CO_2$$