csd 313 final exam

how do we model the vocal tract?

through a series of infinite tubes.

are formant frequencies the same for everyone?

no.

why are formant frequencies not the same for everyone?

vocal tract length and resonator cavity size differ from person to person.

what is the data we use for formant frequencies based on?

normative values which is why there is no absolute F1, F2, and F3.

what should be used as opposed to normative values?

relative formant patterns, such as the relationship between F1 and F2.

tense vowels are produced with greater or less muscle contraction?

greater.

tense vowels are produced at the extreme articulatory posture or weak?

extreme.

is the tongue high or low in the oral cavity for tense vowels?

high.

lax vowels are produced with greater or less muscle contraction?

less.

lax vowels are produced at the extreme articulatory posture or weak?

weak.

lax vowels are long or short in duration?

short.

what is a diphthong?

two vowels within the same syllabic nuclei. they have smooth glides from one to the next.

what are the five common diphthong in American English?

/eɪ/ say. /ai/ tie. /ɔɪ/ boy. /aʊ/ wow. /oʊ/ no.

what are the two glides associated with diphthongs?

onglide and offglide.

what is an onglide?

starting point of diphthong.

what is an offglide?

ending point of a diphthong.

what formant changes the most for diphthongs?

F2

what remains stable for diphthongs?

rate of formant change.

what happens when two contiguous vowels are each syllable nucleus?

a consonant is inserted between them.

what is an example of a contiguous vowel?

the /w/ being added in coordinate and cooperate.

why is energy lost in the vocal tract; give two reasons?

subglottal energy lost through the glottis opening, as well as friction between air particles.

what can we see with a narrowband filter in Praat?

excellent frequency resolution, shows harmonics clearly, poor time resolution.

how many Hz is a narrowband filter?

45-50 Hz.

what can we see with a wideband filter in Praat?

excellent time resolution and shows glottal pulses and formant structure.

how many Hz is a wideband filter?

300 Hz.

the digital filter point rule states that with more points…

there is better frequency resolution, and vice-versa.

do males or females have a higher F0?

females.

do males or females have more closely spaced harmonics?

females.

what do jitter, shimmer, and H/N ratio require?

identifying cycles.

what is cepstral peak unreliable for?

dysphonia.

what does cepstrum not require?

cycle marking.

what is cepstral peak (CPP)?

amplitude of dominant cepstral peak.

higher periodicity means…

higher CPP.

what vocal qualities is CPP associated with?

breathiness and abnormal.

in what situations does CPP work?

sustained vowels, connected speech, and aperiodic voices.

what is a low pass filter?

blocks high frequencies.

what is a high pass filter?

blocks low frequencies.

what is a bandpass filter?

permits a range of frequencies, such as the vocal tract.

what does aperiodicity mean in the CPP?

CPP can still extract dominant peak even when the signal is aperiodic because it does not depend on identifying each cycle.

how is Q9 related to CPP?

this is the harmonic ratio found in CPP.

what does high CPP relate to?

voice is very periodic, clear, with regular vibration.

what does low CPP relate to?

voice is more aperiodic, noisy, breathy, and rough.

advantages of conventional radiography x-ray.

noninvasive and low cost.

disadvantages of conventional radiography x-ray.

2D only, cannot distinguish tissues with similar density such as bone vs cartilage, and not fully harmless.

advantages of CT and CAT.

distinguishes similar tissues and 3D reconstruction.

disadvantages of CT and CAT.

slow and high radiation dose.

what is an MRI?

uses radio frequency waves and a strong magnetic field.

advantages of MRI.

3D reconstruction and dynamic MRI enables us to record with high temporal resolution.

disadvantages of MRI.

lower spatial resolution than CT, must remain completely still, not comfortable, and noisy.

what is an ultrasound?

uses high frequency and sound waves.

what is ultrasound good for within the mouth?

tongue movement.

disadvantages of ultrasound.

identifying the tongue contour with clarity and a large number of data points.

what kind of filter does the vocal tract behave like?

bandpass filter.

are consonants voiced or voiceless?

can be either. can have turbulent airflow and transient bursts.

do consonants have less energy and more linguistic meaning, or more energy and less linguistic meaning?

less energy and more linguistic meaning.

do vowels have an open or closed vocal tract?

open.

are vowels voiced or voiceless?

voiced.

do vowels have less energy and more linguistic meaning, or more energy and less linguistic meaning?

more energy and less linguistic meaning.

what are nearly periodic waves?

/l/ and /j/ and all vowels.

when do you get aperiodic waves?

turbulent airflow with fricatives like /f/ and /s/. also with transient noise with stops like /p/, //t/, and /k/.

what is coarticulation?

simultaneous articulation of multiple sounds.

what is anticipatory articulation?

influenced by an upcoming sound.

what is retentive coarticulation?

influenced by preceding sound.

what are the two vowel transitions?

CV (consonant, then vowel) and VC (vowel, then consonant). onglide and offglide are also included.

what are the phonetic descriptors?

voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.

what are the places of articulation?

bilabial (p), labiodental (f), dental (th), alveolar (t), palatal (sh), retroflex (r), velar (k), glottal (question mark).

what are the manners of articulation?

stops (p), fricatives (f), affricates (tʃ), nasals (m), liquids (l and r), glides (w and j).

what is voice onset time?

time from stop release to voicing.

what are examples of voiced consonants?

b, d, g

what are examples of voiceless consonants?

p, t, k

what is voice onset time for voiced consonants?

-20 to +20 ms.

what is voice onset time for voiceless consonants?

greater than 25 ms.

REMINDER TO STUDY KEY WORDS FROM FIGURE

REMINDER TO STUDY KEY WORDS FROM FIGURE

what pseudo palate is used?

electropalatography (EPG) which is a pseudo palate with embedded electrodes to record tongue-palate contact.

what are the approximates?

glides (j and w) and liquids (l and r). constriction is not enough to generate frication.

are approximates periodic or aperiodic sources?

periodic.

what is the acoustic cue for approximates?

slow formant transitions.

what is the main characteristic of fricatives?

narrow constriction that results in turbulent airflow.

what is a voiceless fricative?

frication noise only.

what is a voiced fricative?

frication and phonatory noise.

what are the place cues for fricatives?

labiodental and dental with low energy noise. sibilants such as s and z with high energy noise and higher frequencies.

do stops have fast or slow velocity of formant transition?

fast.

do approximates have fast or slow velocity of formant transition?

slow.

do diphthongs have fast or slow velocity of formant transition?

slowest.

what is a glide?

like vowels but are shorter and more constricted. have faster transitions than liquids.

what are the two glides?

w and j.

what is the F1 and F2 of w?

F1 high, F2 high CV.

what is the F1 and F2 of j?

F1 high, F2 low CV.

what is a sibilant?

high energy and high frequency turbulence.

what are the two types of sibilants and examples?

alveolars such as s and z with very high frequency noise. palatals such as ʃ and dʒ with slightly lower frequency noise.

what are the two liquids?

l and r.

what is l liquid?

lateral airflow, steady state portion, F2 transitions vary.

what is r liquid?

retroflex, low F3, tongue retraction.

when does the dark /l/ typically happen?

post vocalic /l/ so after the vowel, such as ball and tall.

what happens to the /l/ during pre vocalic?

light /l/ occurs.

during nasal production is the VP open or closed?

open.

during nasal production is the oral cavity open or closed?

closed.

does a nasal murmur have high or low F1?

low.

what type of energy does high damping lead to?

low energy.

can nasal production be syllabic?

yes.