10.3 Personality , Connitive and Moral Development

What is Erikson's Stage Theory?

A theory that divides the life span into eight stages, each involving a psychosocial crisis related to social relationships.

What is the first stage of Erikson's theory?

Trust vs Mistrust, occurring in the first year of life, where secure attachment develops if basic needs are met.

What happens if basic needs are not met in the Trust vs Mistrust stage?

The child may develop an insecure personality.

What is the second stage of Erikson's theory?

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, occurring in the second and third years of life, where children begin to take personal responsibility.

What can result from parental conflict during the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt stage?

The child may develop a sense of personal shame and self-doubt.

What is the third stage of Erikson's theory?

Initiative vs Guilt, occurring from ages 3 to 6, where children start to function socially within their families.

What can happen if a child only focuses on their own needs during the Initiative vs Guilt stage?

They may develop feelings of guilt and a decrease in self-esteem.

What is the fourth stage of Erikson's theory?

Industry vs Inferiority, occurring from ages 6 to puberty, where children learn to function socially beyond the family.

What is Piaget's Stage Theory?

A theory that describes how children's cognitive development progresses through four major stages influenced by interaction with the environment.

What are the four stages of Piaget's cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational periods.

What is the Sensorimotor Period?

A stage from birth to age 2 where infants coordinate sensory input with motor actions and develop object permanence.

Object permanence

when a child recognizes that objects exist even when they are no longer visible.

which period is when object permanence

sensorimotor

What is the Preoperational Period?

A stage from ages 2 to 7 characterized by symbolic thought and limitations such as egocentrism and centration.

What is conservation in Piaget's theory?

The understanding that physical quantities remain constant despite changes in shape or appearance.

The four shortcoming of the preoperational period

centration, irreversibility , egocentrism, animism

Centration (Piaget)

tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem , neglecting other important aspects.

Irreversibility (Piaget)

the inability to envision reversing an action

Egocentrism (Piaget)

thinking is characterized by limited ability to share another person's viewpoint

Animism (Piaget)

the belief that all things are living just like one self.

What is the Concrete Operational Period?

A stage from ages 7 to 11 where children can perform operations on tangible objects and understand reversibility.

What is the Formal Operational Period?

A stage from age 11 onward where children can apply operations to abstract concepts.

What are some criticisms of Piaget's theory?

Research shows children may understand object permanence and symbolic thought earlier than Piaget suggested.

What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?

A theory emphasizing the role of social interactions in cognitive development, highlighting the importance of language acquisition.

What role does private speech play in Vygotsky's theory?

Private speech helps children plan strategies and regulate actions, eventually becoming internalized as nonverbal dialogue.

What is Kohlberg's Stage Theory?

A model explaining how children develop moral reasoning through three levels: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional.

What characterizes the Preconventional level of moral development?

Moral reasoning based on punishment and reward.

What defines the Conventional level of moral development?

Moral reasoning based on approval from close others and adherence to societal rules.

Authority orientation : right and wrong is determined by societies rules and laws , which should be obeyed rigidly

What is the Postconventional level of moral development?

Moral reasoning based on abstract ethical principles and social contracts.

What factors influence moral behavior according to contemporary theorists?

Emotional reactions, temperament variations, and cultural background.

What are moral intuitions according to Haidt?

Immediate, automatic emotional reactions that influence moral judgments.