Ch 20 fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Most of the body’s water resides

within cells

What is the fluid between cells inside tissue called?

interstitial fluid

If the concentration of electrolytes in tissue fluid increases, which of the following will occur?

water will move out of cells and into the tissues

The body loses the least amount of water through which of the following?

metabolism

Which part of the least amount of water through which of the following?

hypothalamus

When the volume of total body water declines,

blood pressure drops, sodium concentration increases, and osmolarity increases

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exerts which of the following effects?

ADH prompts the collecting ducts of the kidneys to reabsorb more water and produce less urine

Which of the following conditions results when the body eliminates more water than sodium?

dehydration

Which of the following is one of the reasons infants are more prone to dehydration than are adults?

an infant’s kidneys do not concentrate urine effectively

Which of the following is a cause of edema?

electrolyte imbalances

What is the main electrolyte of extracellular fluid?

sodium

A patient in an automobile accident had both legs crushed. You might expect to see which electrolyte imbalance?

hyperkalemia

Which electrolyte imbalance would you expect to observe in a patient with chronic diarrhea?

hypokalemia

Sodium accounts for what percentage of extracellular fluid osmolarity?

90 percent

Which of the following statements about calcium is correct?

calcium exists mostly outside the cell

What is the normal pH range of blood tissue fluid?

7.35 to 7.45

How does the bicarbonate buffer system buffer a strong acid?

by binding with hydrogen atoms

What effect will an increased respiratory rate have on pH and why?

it will cause pH to increase because less CO2 will be available to combine with water to form carbonic acid

Which buffer system can neutralize the most acids and bases?

renal system

Which buffer system actually expels H+ ions from the body?

renal system

Maintaining the body’s normal pH range depends on a precise ratio of what two substances?

bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid

What type of imbalance would you expect to see as a result of hyperventilation?

respiratory alkalosis

What will be the body’s initial response to compensate for metabolic acidosis?

the respiratory rate will increase

The condition in which fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces, causing tissues to swell, is called

edema

Substances that break up into electrically charged particles when dissolved in water are called

electrolytes

The most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances are imbalances in

potassium

The primary hormone that regulates serum levels of sodium and potassium is

aldosterone

The most abundant extracellular anion is

chloride

The pH of a solution is determined by its concentration of ____ ions.

hydrogen

The various mechanisms used by the body to keep acids and bases in balance are called

buffers

_____ buffers use the respiratory and urinary systems to stabilize pH.

physiological

The electrolyte imbalance that results from acidosis is

hyperkalemia