1.4 PE-Sports physiology-The musculoskeletal system and analysis of movement in physical activity

What are the two types of joints needed and where can they be found

What are the two types of joints needed and where can they be found

• Ball-and-socket - Found in shoulder and hip

• Hinge - Found in knee, elbow and ankle

What are the articulating bones at the hip and the shoulder

• Shoulder - scapula and femur

• Hip - femur and pelvis

What are the articulating bones at the knee, ankle and elbow

• Knee - Femur and tibia

• Ankle - talus, tibia and fibula

• Elbow - Humerus, radius and ulna

What movements can take place at the knee and elbow

• Flexion

• Extension

What movements can take place at the shoulder and hip

• Flexion

• Extension

• Rotation

• Abduction

• Adduction

What movements can take place at the ankle

• Plantar flexion

• Dorsiflexion

Name the 3 planes and describe how they split the body

• Sagittal plane - divides body into left and right

• Frontal plane - Divides the body into front and back halves

• Transverse plane - divides body into top and bottom

Name the 3 axis and how they pass through the joint

• Transverse axis - runs from side to side through the joint

• Sagittal axis - Runs from front to back through the joints

• Longitudinal axis - runs from top to bottom

Name the 3 plane and axis pairs

• Transverse plane and longitudinal axis

• sagittal plane and transverse axis

• Frontal plane and sagittal axis

In what plane and around what axis does flexion and extension occur?

• Sagittal plane and transverse axis

In what plane and around what axis does Adduction and abduction occur?

• Frontal plane and sagittal axis

In what plane and around what axis does Horizontal abduction and adduction occur?

• Transverse plane and Longitudinal axis

What is an isotonic contraction?

When the muscle contracts to cause a movement

What are the two types of isotonic contraction

• Concentric

• Eccentric

What is a concentric contraction

This is when a muscle shortens under tension

Give an example of an concentric contraction

Upwards phase of a bicep curl when bicep brachii shortens to cause flexion at the elbow

What is an eccentric contraction

When the muscle lengthens under tension

Give an example of an eccentric contraction

Downwards phase of a press-up when triceps lengthen but remain under tension to fight against gravity

What is an isometric contraction

When the muscles contract but don’t lengthen or shorten and no movement occurs

Give an example of an isometric contraction

The crucifix pose on the rings in gymnastics (any balance)