Chemistry Study Sheet - Matter, Mixtures & Separation

Comprehensive flashcards covering states of matter, particle theory, changes of state, mixtures, separation techniques, and ethical/intercultural considerations in chemistry.

What are the characteristics of particles in a solid?

Particles are tightly packed together, vibrate in fixed positions, and have a fixed shape and fixed volume.

How do particles behave in a liquid state?

Particles are close together but can move past each other, allowing the substance to take the shape of its container while maintaining a fixed volume.

What are the properties of particles in a gas?

Particles are far apart and move freely, resulting in no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

What are the four main statements of the Particle Model of Matter?

1. All matter is made of tiny particles. 2. Particles are always moving. 3. There are spaces between particles. 4. Particles attract each other.

How does energy level affect particle movement in states of matter?

Low energy results in slow movement (solid), medium energy results in faster movement (liquid), and high energy results in very quick movement (gas).

What are the terms for the changes of state caused by heating?

Solid to Liquid is Melting; Liquid to Gas is Boiling or Evaporation.

What are the terms for the changes of state caused by cooling?

Gas to Liquid is Condensation; Liquid to Solid is Freezing.

What is defined as the temperature where a solid changes into a liquid?

Melting Point (Example: Ice melts at $0^{\circ}C$).

What is defined as the temperature where a liquid changes into a gas?

Boiling Point (Example: Water boils at $100^{\circ}C$).

What three stages of the Water Cycle are listed in the notes?

1. Evaporation (liquid to water vapour) 2. Condensation (water vapour cools to form clouds) 3. Precipitation (rain, hail, sleet, or snow falls).

What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture?

A pure substance contains only one type of particle (e.g., $H_2O$, $Au$), while a mixture contains two or more substances physically combined (e.g., salt water, air).

In the context of solutions, what are the roles of the solute and the solvent?

The solute is the substance that is dissolved, and the solvent is the substance that does the dissolving.

How is concentration defined in a solution?

Concentration is how much solute is dissolved in a certain amount of solvent; more solute makes it more concentrated.

What are three separation techniques used for soluble mixtures?

Evaporation, Distillation, and Crystallisation.

What are three separation techniques used for insoluble mixtures?

Filtration, Sieving, and Decanting.

Provide a real-world use for Distillation and Magnetism.

Distillation is used for desalinating seawater; Magnetism is used for removing metal from waste.

What are some examples of ethical issues in science?

Testing medicines on humans or animals, genetic engineering and gene editing, cloning living organisms, privacy of medical data, and environmental impacts of scientific activities.

What do intercultural considerations in science involve?

Respecting Indigenous knowledge, ensuring research is inclusive and non-discriminatory, and understanding that different communities have different beliefs about medicine or conservation.