Aice geography Human

ch 4-6

Food security

food is available for the population and at a price that they can afford

Green Revolution

huge increase in global food supply, the main reason why food supply has kept up with population growth

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people
that can be supported in a given region without
damaging the area to an unsustainable extent

Chain Migration

when individuals of a specific area follow others from the same area to a new location

Spatial movement

patterns, processes, and consequences of people moving from place to place

Stepped Migration

when people move from rural villages to large cities in steps

Process of step migration

people move to local town, then a regional city, and finally a major port or the capital city

Impacts of intra-urban migration

increased segregation, changes in housing, pressure on urban development and infrastructure

Changes in rural areas of LICs/low MICs

people migrate away, high birth rates and declining death rates

Changes in rural areas of HICs/high MICs

urbanization, urban-rural migration, tourism

issues of rural areas in LICs/low MICsIssues

unemployment/underemployment, population growth, human disease

issues of rural areas in HICs/high MICs

services such as schools and public transport close, accelerating decrease in population

consequences of urban growth

habitat loss, pollution, increase demand for resources

urbanization

the increase in the proportion of a country’s population that live in towns and cities

urban growth

the increase in size of urban areas

suburbanization

The movement of people from homes in central areas of a city (CBD and inner-city) to homes on the outer edges

counterurbanization

The reversal of the previous rural–urban migration and the process of people moving out of cities into villages and country towns

re-urbanization

The movement of people and economic activities back into the central areas of cities, including the CBD, and inner city residential and industrial areas

urban renewal

The re-development of rundown urban areas which brings about improvements

process of urbanization

the process in which population shifts from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities

consequences of urbanization

overcrowding, people sleeping on streets, people become pavement dwellers, people become squatters

causes of urbanization

the natural increase of population in cities

how do world cities grow

the development of trans-national corporations and the communications revolution

ranks of world cities

based on service value :

0. no office in the city

1. minor offices of a firm

2. standard offices of a firm

3. major office of a firm

4. important offices such as regional headquarters

5. headquarters of a firm

factors that affect the location of activities

areas of steep slopes are avoided, restricted sites such as islands have high population density, bid rent theory, ribbon development

Burgess‘s Concentric Model

developed in 1925, similar to bid-rent theory, as a city expands, zones, therefore changing all the time

Zones of the Burgess Concentric Model

1. CBD

2. zone of transition

3. manufacturing zone

4. housing

5. more affluent housing

Hoyt’s sector model

developed in 1939, based on transport routes, buffer zone between manufacturing industry and residential

Zones of Hoyt’s sector model

1. CBD

2. light manufacturing

3. low-class residential

4. middle-class residential

5. high-class residential

6. heavy manufacturing

latin american model

high-class residential close to city center, opposite of HICs

zones of latin american model

1. CBD

2. commercial

3. high-class residential

4. better residences

5. active improvement of houses

6. recent squatter housing

7. industry

Mann Land-use model

developed in the 1960s, combines the burgess and hoyt land use models, is more realistic and flexible

zones of the mann land-use model

1. CBD

2. zone of transition

3. residential zones

4. inustrial zones

5. retail/business

6. commuter zone

7. multiple nuclei

central business district

the original growth point of a settlement and the age of buildings is the oldest

changes occuring in the CBD

decline of retailing, empty in the evening, traffic problems and accessibility

spatial competition

the competition between businesses, services, and land users for the most profitable and accessible sites, particularly where land is scarce and values are high

bid rent theory

land would be occupied by those who can afford to pay the highest rent, land values decrease from city center outwards, shops and offices afford the highest rents, followed by industry, followed by residences

residential segregation

the uneven distribution of different population groupsin separate residential areas within a city

functional zonation

the way that zones of distinctive land-use develop in towns and cities

natural change

the change in size of a population caused by the difference between birth rate and the death rate

population structure

the total number of individuals of the same species in an ecosystem

Human development index

a broad index used by the UN which is calculated based on a country’s GDP per person

population momentum

the growth of population even after fertility rates fall

net migration

the balance between people moving into a region or country and the people moving out of that region or country

disposable income

money people have left over after paying taxes and necessities

virtuous spiral

a situation where a positive change leads to further positive changes in which turn to reinforce the original change

Affluence

an increase in income or wealth, economic development

Migration stream

migrants who share a common source area and destination

Emigrant

someone who moves out of a country

Distance-decay

the idea that the number of migrants decline as the distance between the area of origin and the area of destination increases

Asylum Seekers

refugees who apply to live permanently in the area of destination

repatriate

the process of returning a person to their place of origin

remittances

money sent home by migrant workers

chain migration

when one person from a family migrates to a destination country and the rest of the family follow

world city

a city that has economic, cultural, and political significance beyond the boundaries of its own country

dormitory settlements

a settlement which provides residences, but little employment and residents tend to commute to other places

mega-city

a city with a population of over 10 million

millionaire city

a city with a population of over 1 million

megalopolis

term used in the USA for conurbanizations created by suburbanization and urban sprawl

urban sprawl

the outward growth of urban areas into areas of rural open space

municipal housing

housing owned or controlled by local government

rural-urban fringe

the transition zone where urban and rural land-uses are mixed

infilling

process in urban areas where an old house with a garden is bought, in which housing is built in the garden and the old house is done-up and sold with a reduced garden

regeneration

the rescue and improvement of redundant and rundown buildings and derelict areas within a town or city

sustainable urban communities

vague term use to describe modern urban developments build to high environmental standards

brownfield sites

a previously occupied site which is being redeveloped

greenfield sites

a site not previously built on

deindustrialization

the decline in manufacturing employment in HICs

green belt

an area around major cities where development is prohibited to limit urban sprawl

conurbations

large urban area formed by the merger of 2 or more towns or cities

infrastructure

basic physical systems of a business or nation including roads and railways

ribbon development

urban sprawl which took place alongside main roads

trans-national corporation (TNC)

a company which owns manufacturing or services industries in one or more countries and does not identify itself with one national home