Movement Analysis & Gait Practice Flashcards

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering muscle roles, contraction types, planes and axes of movement, kinetic chains, and gait analysis based on the lecture notes.

Agonist

The primary muscle producing the movement.

Antagonist

The muscle opposing the movement.

Synergist

A muscle that assists the agonist.

Stabiliser

A muscle that prevents unwanted movement.

Antagonist Activity

Antagonists may still be active during movement to help control or stabilise the movement.

Agonist Role Identification

The role played by a muscle if it is producing most of the movement.

Synergist Role Identification

The role played by a muscle if it assists the agonist but is not the primary mover.

Concentric contraction

The muscle shortens while producing force.

Eccentric contraction

The muscle lengthens while producing force.

Isometric contraction

The muscle produces force without changing length.

Passive shortening

The muscle shortens because the joint moves, not because it is actively contracting.

Passive lengthening

The muscle lengthens because the joint moves, not because it is actively contracting.

Gravity-controlled movement

Usually occurring through eccentric contraction when gravity is helping the movement and the muscle is controlling it.

Active movement creation

Usually occurring through concentric contraction when the muscle is actively creating the movement.

Static joint maintenance

Occurring through isometric contraction when a joint position is maintained without movement.

ROML

Range of Muscle Length.

Inner range

The shortest position of the muscle.

Mid range

The middle position of the muscle.

Outer range

The longest position of the muscle.

ROML change during shortening

Usually changes from Outer \rightarrow Mid or Mid \rightarrow Inner.

ROML change during lengthening

Usually changes from Inner \rightarrow Mid or Mid \rightarrow Outer.

Biceps brachii ROML ($0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ flexion)

Outer \rightarrow Mid during elbow flexion from fully straight to $90^{\circ}$.

Biceps brachii ROML ($90^{\circ}$ to full flexion)

Mid \rightarrow Inner during elbow flexion from $90^{\circ}$ to full flexion.

Biceps brachii ROML (Flexed to straight)

Inner \rightarrow Outer during elbow extension.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right halves.

Sagittal plane movements

Flexion and extension.

Mediolateral axis

The axis associated with the sagittal plane.

Frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

Frontal plane movements

Abduction and adduction.

Anteroposterior axis

The axis associated with the frontal plane.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Transverse plane movements

Rotation.

Longitudinal axis

The axis associated with the transverse plane.

Forearm pronation and supination

Occur in the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis.

Open kinetic chain movement

A movement where the distal segment is free to move.

Closed kinetic chain movement

A movement where the distal segment is fixed.

Swing phase of gait

An open kinetic chain movement.

Stance phase of gait

A closed kinetic chain movement.

Kicking a ball

An open kinetic chain movement.

Push-up

A closed kinetic chain movement.

Sit-to-stand

A closed kinetic chain movement.

Major phases of gait

Stance phase and swing phase.

Stance phase percentage

Approximately $60\%$ of the gait cycle.

Swing phase percentage

Approximately $40\%$ of the gait cycle.

Stance phase events order

Initial Contact \rightarrow Loading Response \rightarrow Midstance \rightarrow Terminal Stance \rightarrow Preswing.

Swing phase events order

Initial Swing \rightarrow Mid Swing \rightarrow Terminal Swing.

Tibia vertical timing

Occurs after midstance and before terminal stance.

Midstance tibia movement

The tibia moves forward over the foot.

Control of forward tibial movement

Plantarflexors (triceps surae) control this during midstance.

Plantarflexor contraction in midstance

Eccentric contraction during most of midstance.

Reason for eccentric plantarflexor contraction

To control forward progression of the tibia.

Running vs. Walking

Running includes a flight phase, whereas walking does not.

Flight phase

A period when neither foot is in contact with the ground.

Step length

The distance between successive initial contacts of opposite feet.

Stride length

The distance between successive initial contacts of the same foot.

Maximum lateral trunk displacement

Occurs during midstance of gait.

Arm swing effect

Reduces the energy cost of walking.

Energy expenditure without arm swing

Energy expenditure increases when arm swing is removed.

Sit-to-stand facilitation: Seat height

Raising the seat height makes the movement easier.

Higher seat benefit

Less force is required to lift the body.

Chair edge positioning benefit

Helps move the centre of mass over the feet.

Placing feet underneath the body

Improves leverage and balance during sit-to-stand.

Forward trunk inclination

The most important movement required to bring the centre of mass forward before standing.

Forward trunk inclination importance

Moves the centre of mass over the base of support.

Movement elicitation first step

Observe spontaneous movement.

Order of movement elicitation

Observe \rightarrow Request \rightarrow Direct/Demonstrate \rightarrow Enhance \rightarrow Replace.

Lowering into a chair (Quadriceps)

The quadriceps are performing an eccentric contraction.

Rising from a chair (Quadriceps)

The quadriceps are performing a concentric contraction.

Holding a squat (Quadriceps)

The quadriceps are performing an isometric contraction.

Shoulder abduction mechanics

Occurs in the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis.

Shoulder flexion mechanics

Occurs in the sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis.

Trunk rotation mechanics

Occurs in the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis.

Role of plantarflexors in midstance

To control forward tibial progression and prevent the body from collapsing forward.

Triceps surae group

Consists of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles.

Muscles of the triceps surae

Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris.

Stance phase classification

A closed kinetic chain activity because the foot is fixed on the ground.

Swing phase classification

An open kinetic chain activity because the foot is free to move through space.

Passive shortening identification

Occurs if a muscle is shortening but not producing the movement itself.

Passive lengthening identification

Occurs if a muscle is lengthening but not actively controlling movement.

Identifying the agonist

Determine which muscle is primarily responsible for creating the observed movement.