English 10 Semester 1 Study Guide

Tone

the author’s opinion on the subject, shown through diction, how Talker feels

Mood

the feelings created by the author’s word choice, how the writing makes Me feel

Connotation

the vibe of the word (ex. sufficient, good, okay, acceptable)

Denotation

definition of the word, determined with context clues

Parts of writing process

Break down the prompt, research, find quotes, make citations, fill out an organizer with the basic information covered in each paragraph, rough draft, edit, final draft

Parallel structure

having the same rhythm and grammatical styles for a series of word phrases, verb tenses match

Absolute phrase

a phrase that modifies an entire independent clause, always contains a noun and a participle (ex. Eyes closed, she stroked the crystal ball and muttered some Latin words.)

Simple sentence

1 independent clause

Compound sentence

2 or more independent clauses

Complex sentence

1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses

Compound-complex

2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses

Commas in setting the scene: At 7 o’clock dinner will be served

after o’clock

Commas after words like “however”: Therefore I am

after therefore

Commas after emotion words: Yes it’s all true

after yes

Commas before conjunctions: I love cake but I hate chocolate

after cake

Commas as brackets: Bill aged 17 loves cake

After Bill and 17

Commas in lists: I would like a burger fries and a shake

After burger and fries

Commas in numbers: 7213.5

after 7

Commas before dialogue: He shouted “No chance!”

After shouted

Commas before direct address: Let’s eat Grandma

after eat

JUST KIDDING THERE IS NO COMMA >:D

Semicolons to separate items in lists when they already use commas: Dr. Peebles, expedition leader Mr. Keen, botanist and Mr. Tait, chef.

after leader and botanist

Semicolons before words like “consequently”: I am not happy however, I will do it.

after happy

Semicolons before conjunctions that join sentences that already use commas: Lee has not, nor will he ever, fail a test and he has not, nor will ever, catch a cold.

after test

Colons to expand sentences: Only one person has ever survived it me.

after me

Colons after introductions: Complete the following research two contrasting articles, summarize each, and write an essay.

after following

Colons in times or references: 7 15 or Genesis 2 1

after 7 and 2

Colons before a quotation: He jokes “I think that I think; therefore, I think that I am.”

after jokes

MLA format

times new roman, 12 pt font, last name page number at the top right corner of every page, name, teacher, class, due date (DDMMYY), title centered, no empty lines in between indented paragraphs, works cited is on its own page, hanging indent (0.5) on works cited page

Implied meaning

Not explicitly said but meant by tone and word choice

ex. (while the person being spoken to is eating a burger) “I am so hungry I ate like nothing today.” meaning “Can I have a bite?”

Literal meaning

What is said is what is meant

ex. “It’s raining cats and dogs" meaning “Cats and dogs are falling from the sky and splatting on the ground. It’s pretty cool you should come see.”

Context clues

The situation gives the reader hints to the meaning of unknown words

ex. “I hate school! It is frivolous!”

Author’s purpose

Why is the author writing this? What message do they want me to remember?

Author’s point of view

How does the author feel about this subject? What facts are left out? What facts are harped on?

Author’s perspective

Where was the author when this happened? Are there perhaps events that occurred that they aren’t aware of?

Effective summaries

A condensed version of the information, use your own words, no opinions, keep important details

Sonnet structure (Shakespeare)

14 lines, 3 stanzas with alternating rhyme schemes (ABAB CDCD EFEF), 1 closing couplet (GG)

Historical context

provides background information, develops characters, influences plot, and influences conflict

Ethos

the speaker or writer’s credibility and character; increased with effective quotes, good education, and firsthand experience

Pathos

appeal to the audience’s emotions; increased with imagery, storytelling, and emotional vocabulary

Logos

appeal to facts; increased with statistics, clear reasoning, and well-organized structure