Biology Unit 2 - Chemistry

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

Energy

the ability to do work

Potential energy

stored energy

Kinetic energy

energy in motion

Chemical reaction

a rearrangement of molecules from one form to another

Exothermic reaction

a chemical reaction that RELEASES energy

Endothermic reaction

a chemical reaction that ABSORBS energy

photosynthesis

Example of an endothermic reaction

cellular respiration

Example of an exothermic reaction

Atom

the smallest piece of element that keeps its chemical properties

Element

a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of element

0.005

What is the amu of an electron

in the orbitals

Most volume of an atom is located

at the top

The atomic number of an element is located

atomic mass - atomic numb

How to find the number of neutrons

Valence electrons

electrons in the outermost energy level

Chemical compound

a substance formed by the combination of 2 or more elements (with definite proportions)

Ion

an atom that becomes changed after losing or gaining electrons

Covalent bond

a bond formed when atoms share electrons

Ionic bond

a bond formed when 1 or more electrons are transferred from 1 atom to another

Polar molecule

molecules that have a positive and negative end

caused by unequal sharing of electrons within a covalent

Electronegativity

the attraction an atom

1. Cohesion

2. Adhesion

3. High heat capacity

4. Solid is less dense

5. Forms solution

the 5 properties of water

its polar molecules

What causes water’s unique properties

it’s polarity

What trait of water allows it to dissolve ionic compounds and polar molecules easily

Organic

molecules containing carbon and hydrogen

How to remember how many bonds hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon can make

H(1) O(2) N(3) C(4)

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids (get their own unit)

4 categories of macromolecules

many smaller repeating units

Macromolecules are made up of

Monomers

the repeating subunits found in macromolecules

Polymers

a large molecule consisting of many monomers

Dehydration synthesis

the process of building a polymer from monomers by removing water

Hydrolysis

the process of breaking a polymer into monomers by adding water

C, H, and O in the ratio of 1:2:1 (or close to it)

Carbohydrates are made up of

Monosaccharide (type of carbohydrate)

single sugar (monomer)

ring shaped

What shape is a monosaccharide

Polysaccharide (type of carbohydrate)

long chains of monosaccharide (polymer)

Energy source to living things

Provides structure to arthopods, fungi, plant cells

Functions of carbohydrates

Isomers

molecules with the same molecular formula but have a different molecular structure

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Examples of Monosaccharides

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Examples of Polysaccharides

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Proteins are made up of

Catalyzing reactions

Structure

Movement

Cell to cell communications

Defense

Functions of proteins

1. Amino group

2. Hydrogen

3. Carboxyl

4. Side/Functional group

What are the different groups in an amino acid (protein’s monomer)

the side group (R)

Which part of the amino acid is unique

Protein

a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptide

Polypeptide

a chain of amino acids bonded together (protein’s polymer)

make a polypeptide

Many amino acids

make a protein

Many polypeptides

its 3D folded structure

Protein’s function is determined by

Nitrogen

What element in amino acids is unique to proteins

Denature

when proteins unfold or lose their shape

Denaturation

the loss of function of a protein

change in temperature or pH

Denaturation is caused by

an egg

An example of denaturation is

Lactase

an enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galctose

Lactaid

a medicine that acts like the enzyme lactase to break down lactose

catalysts

Enzymes are

a protein

What kind of macromolecule is an enzyme

Catalyst

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

activation energy of a reaction

Catalysts lower the

Activation energy

minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Substrate

molecule the enzyme breaks down or puts together

Active site

spot on the enzyme where the substrate binds

nonpolar, hydrophobic, and water insoluble

Lipids are

Nonpolar

doesn’t have charge

Structure to biological membrane

Energy reserves

Insulation

Protect our organs

Serve as vitamins and hormones

Functions of lipids

Fats

Steroids

Types of lipids

Triglyceride

Phospholipids

Types of fats

Saturated

absence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail

Unsaturated

prescence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What is a triglyceride made of?

A long E

Shape of triglyceride

a glycerol, a phosphate group, 2 fatty acids

What is a phospholipid made of?

A circle with 2 jellyfish tentacles

Shape of phospholipids

The circle part, the tentacle part

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic? hydrophobic?

4 fused carbon rings

What is a steroid made of

chemical messenger (signal cells to do something like build muscle)

Function of steroids