Embryology Review: Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, and Urogenital Development

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the embryological development of the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital system, and skull based on lecture notes.

Lung Diverticulum (Bud)

An outgrowth on the ventral side of the foregut appearing approximately on the $4^{th}$ week of development, whose location is defined by increased retinoic acid production.

Pseudoglandular Period

The stage of lung development occurring between weeks $5$ and $16$.

Canalicular Period

The period of lung development during which respiratory bronchioli and alveolar ducts are formed.

Type II Alveolar Cells

Surfactant-producing cells that develop at the end of the $6^{th}$ month of fetal development.

Surfactant

A phospholipid-rich fluid capable of lowering surface tension at the air-alveolar interface to prevent lung collapse during exhalation.

Sinus Venosus

A part of the primitive heart tube that receives the vitelline vein, umbilical vein, and common cardinal vein (ductus Cuvieri).

Primary Heart Field (PHF)

A region in the splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm that starts patterning in the middle of the third week ($day$ $18/19$).

Sinus Venarum

The smooth-walled part of the right atrium which develops from the right side of the sinus venosus (right sinus horn).

Septum Spurium

A structure in the embryonic heart that gives rise to the limbus of the oval fossa, the valve of the coronary sinus, and the valve of the inferior vena cava.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A cardiac defect consisting of a stenotic pulmonary trunk, ventral septum defect, dextroposition of the aorta (overriding aorta), and hypertrophy of the right ventricle.

Intraembryonic Somatopleura

The germ layer that gives rise to all connective tissues of the body wall and the parietal layer of serous membranes.

Intraembryonic Splanchnopleura

The germ layer that gives rise to the visceral layer of serous membranes, and the connective tissue and smooth muscles of the gut tube.

Dorsal Mesentery

A structure that carries blood vessels to the gut tube and gives rise to the greater omentum.

Ventral Mesogastrium Derivatives

The falciform ligament and the lesser omentum.

Omental Bursa

A space that appears as a result of the rotation of the stomach.

Meckel’s Diverticulum

An out-pouching part of the vitelline duct located in the ileum.

Rotation of Intestinal Loops

A process occurring partly during herniation and partly after return to the abdominal cavity, totaling a rotation of $270^{\circ}$.

Physiological Umbilical Herniation

The protrusion of intestinal loops into the umbilical cord during the $6^{th}$ week, with return to the cavity beginning in the $10^{th}$ week.

Metanephric Blastema

Mesenchymal tissue induced by the ureteric bud to convert into an epithelial tissue, forming the nephrons of the permanent kidney.

Urorectal Septum

A mesodermal structure that divides the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the anorectal canal.

Patent Oval Foramen

A condition resulting from the incomplete fusion of the septum primum and septum secundum.

Müllerian Duct (Paramesonephric Duct)

The structure that develops from the celomic epithelium and forms the uterine tubes and uterus.

Sertoli Cells

Cells that differentiate from the celomic epithelium to provide testis cords and produce Müller tube inhibitory hormone.

Anterior Fontanelle

A diamond-shaped area at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, bordered by two frontal and two parietal bones, typically ossifying by the $18^{th}$ postnatal month.

Posterior Fontanelle

The junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, bordered by the occipital and two parietal bones, which closes by $1$ to $3$ months of age.

Viscerocranium

The part of the skull developing mainly from the first two pharyngeal arches and neural crest cells.

Chondrocranium

The cartilaginous neurocranium, consisting of prechordal and chordal parts.