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Art 1 Sect 1
establishes House and Senate as legislative powers
Art 1 Sect 2
house 2 year terms older than 25 citizen for 7 years Number of reps based on population House chooses Speaker and other officers Impeachment
Art 1 Sect 3
Senate 6 year terms Senators chosen by state legislature Three classes for electoral rotation older than 30 citizen for 9 years VP is President of Senate and has tie breaking vote Power to try Impeachments
Art 1 Sect 4
Elections for Congressional reps are managed by the states thereof Congress shall assemble at least once a year- first Monday of Dec
Art 1 Sect 5
Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member
Art 1 Sect 6
Congressional reps get paid outta the US Treasury
Art 1 Sect 7
All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
Art 1 Sec 8
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States delegated powers
Art 1 Sect 9
Limits what kinds of Laws congress can make no ex post facto laws No titles of Nobility can be granted in US
Art 1 Sect 10
No state enters into treaty or Alliance or Confederation No state coins own money
Art 2 Sect 1
Establishes President as Executive Establishes Vice President Terms are 4 Years
Art 2 Sect 2
Commander in Chief Make Treaties He can appoint Judges, Ministers and Consuls and Ambassadors
Art 2 Sect 3
State of the Union
Art 2 Sect 4
Can be impeached
Art 3 Sect 1
Judicial Branch is established
Art 3 Sect 2
All trials by Jury
Art 3 Sect 3
treason
Art 4 Sect 1
full faith and credit
Art 4 Sect 2
guarantees that states cannot discriminate against citizens of other states. States must give people from other states the same fundamental rights it gives its own citizens
Art 4 Sect 3
Congress can let new states into the Union, but no states can be formed inside another State.
Art 4 Sect 4
States must have Republic Form of Government Protect each other
Art 5
Amendment Process
Art 6
Constitution is the supreme law of the land
Art 7
Ratification of the Constitution
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but equal
The Five Principles
Rationality Principle
Institution Principle
Collective Action Principle
Policy Principle
History Principle
Rationality Principle
All political behavior has a purpose Political behavior is instrumental Not random Done with forethought Calculation Political actors pursue policy preferences, reelection, power, and to maximize their agency budgets
Institution Principle
Institutions structure politics
Institutions are the rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior
Remember that institutions themselves are not necessarily permanently fixed. Rules may change; they just don't change easily
Collective Action Principle
Politics involves many people who compete, bargain, and cooperate. Compromise
Policy Principle
political outcomes are the products of individual preferences and institutional procedures
History Principle
Decisions and actions in the past affect political choices and outcomes today
Tragedy of the Commons
situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community
Prisoner's Dilemma
common but competing interests
free riding
enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs
Five Groups during the Rev War Era
New England Merchants
Southern Planters
Royalists
Shopkeepers, artisans and laborers
Small Farmers
Shay's Rebellion
A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings on small farms
Articles of Confederation was written in ________ and ratified in _______
1776; 1781
Articles of Confederation allowed Congress to
Ley troops and money from the states Conduct foreign policy Regulate currency, weights and measures and postal service
Articles of Confederation did not allow Congress to
Compel state compliance/ enforce decisions Amend the Articles- amendments had to be proposed by Congress and ratified by all 13 states
Problems after the Revolutionary War
Repaying War Debt-- soldiers, private companies and foreign Govs and banks
Unstable Currency in the States-- printing more from the states caused fluxes in inflation
States were charging tariffs on imports from other states
States pushed back against Treaty negotiations
Revolts (Shay's)-- gov could only ask for troops from states
Bicameralism
The principle of a two-house legislature.
Virginia Plan
Favored the house, gave advantage to big states because it called for Congressional representation based on population The people-elected house would then select the Senate, President and Council of Revision
The New Jersey Plan
Favored the senate, equal representation for each state Congress enforces decisions
Connecticut Compromise
The compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention that established two houses of Congress: the House of Representatives, in which representation is based on a state's share of the U.S. population, and the Senate, in which each state has two representatives "The Great Compromise"
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state
Congress can amend the constitution with....
2/3 majority and then 3/4 of the states' ratification
bill of rights in order
Speech, press, assembly
Bear arms
Quartering troops
searches and seizures
Right to jury, no self-incrimination, due process
Speedy and public trial before an impartial jury, cross-examination, right to counsel
Trial by jury in civil suits
Ban on excessive bail
Privacy- implicitly retained by people- traditional rights are not outlined
Power not taken by the federal gov is afforded to states
Amendments 11 and 12 pertain to what
Quick fixes; states being sued and presidential elections
11- prohibits federal courts from hearing cases in which a state is sued by an individual from another state or another country 12- requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for vice president for that person to be elected vice president by the Electoral College. If no candidate for vice president has a majority of the total votes, the Senate, with each senator having one vote, chooses the vice president.
Amendments 13-15 pertain to what
Civil war amendments; slavery 13- Abolishes slavery 14- granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States 15- granted African American men the right to vote
amendments 16-21 pertain to what
Progressive reforms; income tax, prohibition, suffrage, term cycles 16- national income tax 17-senators will be elected to six-year terms by popular vote 18- declared the production, transport and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal 19- suffrage for women 20- sets the inauguration date for new presidential terms and the date for new sessions of Congress 21- undid prohibition
Amendments 22-27 pertain to what
Modern reforms; voting and elections 22- No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice 23- Includes districts (D.C.) in presidential elections 24- prohibiting any poll tax in elections for officials 25- VP is second in line for Presidency 26- eighteen years of age or older to vote 27- prohibits any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress from taking effect until after the next election of the House of Representatives has occurred
Commerce Clause
Clause stating that Congress can regulate interstate and international commerce Article 1 Section 8
Necessary and Proper Clause
Constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers Article 1 Section 8
How many years can a president serve?
4 years, max 2 terms
How many years does a senator serve?
6 years; cyclical elections by 3 classes
How many years does a house member serve?
2 years
What stops federal abuse of power?
Elections 2 Bicameralism
Direct limits; public records and formal restraints (Art I sect 8)
External Checks- Checks and Balances
How can the President exercise checks and balances?
Veto legislation Interprets laws for enforcement Nomination of Judicial and Executive officials
How can the Courts exercise checks and balances?
Can block actions that are unconstitutional or inconsistent with federal laws
How can Congress exercise checks and balances?
Vetoes can be overridden 2/3s majority in both house and senate Can impeach the President/Judges Controls its own elections Salaries are guaranteed Senate monitors Executive appointments
To impeach an official, the house needs a ______ majority vote
1/2
To remove an official, the senate needs a ______ majority vote
2/3
Federalism
divisions of powers and functions between national and state governments
expressed powers
powers directly stated in the constitution
implied powers
Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution
Which amendment reserves the rest of governmental power to the states/individuals?
Tenth
Comity Clause/Privileges and Immunities Clause
prohibits states from enacting laws that treat the citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner Article 4 Section 2
ex post facto law
a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed
double jepordy clause
Part of the Fifth Amendment that protects individuals from being tried twice for the same offense.
Who wrote the Federalist Papers?
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison
Federalists wanted what?
A stronger national gov't. Didn't think Bill of Rights were necessary Feared too much power being given to the people
Antifederalists wanted what?
power in the states not the central government Advocated for a Bill of Rights Feared tyranny from officials in power
Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights
Civil Liberties are about freedoms we possess, mostly outlined in the bill of rights. Civil Rights involves equal treatment/protection under the law
Strict Scrutiny
A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. SPEECH
Intermediate Scrutiny
a test used by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases that places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is unconstitutional
Clear and present danger doctrine
judicial interpretation of Amendment 1 that government may not ban speech unless such speech poses an imminent threat to society.
prior restraint
government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Established "Clear and Present Danger" doctrine
Abrams v. U.S. (1919)
actual interpretation of First Amendment comes around; mailing anti-war flyers was determined a clear and present danger Banned anyone from arguing against wartime production
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
the KKK did cross burning and held rally; wasn't unconstitutional because it wasn't imminent Applies immediate danger to clear and present danger doctrine
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Supreme Court says the First Amendment applies to states Selective incorporation
selective incorporation
The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments
libel
a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.
NYT v. Sullivan (1964)
Established the "actual malice" standard. In cases of libel or slander, public figures must prove that the author had "knowledge of falsity and reckless disregard for the truth."