Cardiovascular system

angi/o

blood vessel

atri/o

atrium

coron/o

crown or circle, heart

my/o, myos/o

muscle

pect/o, pector/o

chest

valvul/o

little valve

vascul/o

little vessel

ven/o

vein

ventricul/o

little belly, ventricle

rhythm/o, rrhythm/o

rhythm

sten/o

narrow

angina pectoris

chest pain that radiates to the shoulders, upper left arm, and back which is the main symptom of an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart

angiospasm

abnormal muscle contractions or spasms of the smooth muscles in the vessel walls

angiostenosis

narrowing of a blood vessel causing the reduction of blood flow to a part of the body

arrythmia

aka dysrhythmia which is a loss of the normal heart rhythm

bradycardia

abnormally slow heart rate that’s usually under 60 bpm

cardiodynia

heart pain or chest pain

cardiogenic

symptom or sign that originates from a condition of the heart

cyanosis

a blue tinge seen on the skin and mucous membranes from oxygen deficiency in tissues

palpitation

symptom of pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat

tachycardia

rapid heart rate that exceeds 100 bpm

syncope

temporary loss of consciousness and posture resulting of a temporary reduction of the blood flow to the brain

aneurysm

abnormal bulging of an arterial wall that worsens over time as blood presses against it, a bust is a life threatening hemorrhage

angiocarditis

inflammation of the heart and blood vessels from a widespread bacterial infection of the blood aka septicemia

angioma

aka a hemangioma which is a tumor arising from a blood vessel of a benign clump of endothelium forming a mass

aortic insufficiency (AI)

the semilunar valve fails to close completely during ventricular diastole, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle and making it work harder

aortic stenosis

narrowing of the aortic valve the causes the left ventricle to work harder

aortitis

inflammation of the aorta by a bacterial infection that can lead to acute aortic insufficiency

arteriopathy

general term from a disease of an artery

arteriosclerosis

artery walls thicken with fatty plague and lose elasticity which reduces blood flow to tissue

arteriosclerosis heart disease

arteriosclerosis + affects of the coronary arteries

congenital heart disease

condition at birth where a small opening between the atria allows blood to mix which reduces blood flow to lungs

atriomegaly

abnormally large or dilated atria with reduced ability to push blood into the ventricles

atrioventricular block (AV block)

an injury to the AV node from myocardial infarction where the cells of the node die from a loss of blood flow

cardiac arrest

cessation of heart activity

sudden cardiac arrest

no warning that often causes death from an electrical disturbance to the heart that causes arrhythmia or from a MI

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of the heart from the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity that is pericarditis

cardiomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the heart when the heart is forced to work harder than normal to meet the oxygen demands of body cells

cardiomyopathy

general term for a disease of the myocardium of the heart

cardiovalvulitis

inflammation of the valves of the heart that is diagnosed from the presence of a heart murmur

coarctation of the aorta

congenital disease affecting the infants aorta that causes a reduced systemic circulation of blood and accumulation of fluid in the lungs which needs a surgical repair

congestive heart failure (CHF)

aka left ventricular failure where there is failure of the left ventricle to pump enough blood to supply systemic tissues and lungs

cor pulmonale

aka right ventricular failure that is a chronic enlargement of the right ventricle resulting from congestion of the pulmonary circulation

coronary artery disease (CAD)

aka coronary heart disease (CHD) which is a disease that afflicts the coronary arteries supplying the heart 

coronary occlusion

a blockage within a coronary artery resulting in a reduced blood flow to a area of the heart muscle, most common cause is atherosclerosis

embolism

a blockage or occlusion form a blood clot or foreign particle that moves through the circulation that can produce a severe restriction when lodged in an artery

endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium from a bacterial infection

fibrillation

uncoordinated rapid contractions of the muscle forming the ventricles or atria

atrial fibrillation (a-fib)

uncoordinated rapid contractions of the muscle forming the atria involving a reduction of blood expelled from the atria

ventricular fibrillation

the ventricles contract rapidly without coordination causing circulatory collapse that is fatal within 5 minutes without CPR or defibrillation

heart block

block or delay of the normal electrical conduction of the heart from a MI that damaged SA or AV node

heart murmur

abnormal sound heart during auscultation of the heart

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

leaky mitral valve that is a common source of heart murmur

hemorrhoids

dilated veins in the anal area that is painful and itchy from too much pressure on the veins in the anal wall

hypertension

persistently high blood pressure while at rest

essential hypertension

condition is not traceable to a single cause

secondary hypertension

hypertension is caused by the effects of another disease

hypotension

a condition of abnormally low blood pressure

ischemia

abnormally low flow of blood to tissues

myocardial infarction (MI)

aka heart attach where there’s a death of a portion of the myocardium

myocarditis

inflammation of the myocardium of the heart from bacterial infection

patent ductus arteriosus

congenital condition where theres an opening between the pulmonary artery and aorta from failure of the fetal vessel to close

pericarditis

inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of the bein with an obstruction by a blood clot

polyarteritis

simultaneous inflammation of many arteries

septicemia

aka sepsis which is a systemwide disease from the presence of bacteria and their toxins in the circulating blood

tetralogy of fallot

severe congenital disease which 4 defects associated with the heart art present at birth

thrombosis

presence of stationary blood clots within one or more blood vessels

varicosis

abnormally dilated vein or varicose vein from valves within a superficial vein of the leg or elsewhere fail which allows blood to pool in response

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

congenital disease at birth in which an opening in the septum separates the right and left ventricles of the heart 

angiography

a diagnostic procedure that includes x-ray photos, MRI, or CT of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

angiogram

image resulting from an angiography

when a angiography is focused on the hear, it is called ___________

cardiac angiography or coronary angiography

angioplasty

surgical repair of a blood vessel

balloon angioplasty

procedure to open block vessels in which a balloon is inserted into a blocked vessel and inflated

laser angioplasty

uses a laser beam to open a blocked artery

angioscopy

uses a flexible fiber-optic instrument or endoscope to observe a diseased blood vessel and to assess any lesions

angioscope

modified endoscope that has a camera at one end and a video monitor at the other to observe a diseased blood vessel

angiostomy

creating an opening into a blood vessel for the insertion of a catheter

angiotomy

surgical incision into a blood vessel

aortogram

image resulting from a aortography

arteriography

procedure that obtains an image of an artery

arteriogram

image produced from an arteriography

arteriotomy

incision into an artery to repair an injured artery during an arterioplasty

arteriorrhaphy

suturing the opening from an arterioplasty

catheter

flexible tube that is inserted into an opening of the body to transport fluids in or out

cardiac catheterization

procedure to withdraw blood samples from heart chambers, measure pressure, andi nject constrast medium for imaging purposes

cardiac pacemaker

battery powered device that is implanted under the skin and wired to the inner wall of the heart to help control abnormal heart rhythms

what does a cardiac pacemaker produce?

timed electrical pulses that replace the function of the SA node as a treatment for a heart block and certain other arrhythmias

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

procedure that involves removing blood vessel from another part of the body and inserting it into the coronary circulation which restores blood flow to an oxygen deprived area of the heart

stent

artificial metallix scaffold that is used to anchor a surgical implant or graft

coronary stent

stent used to support an injured blood vessel, compress an atheroscleroticc plaque, or anchor a surgical implant or graft

defibrillation

electrical charge to the chest wall to stop the heart and restart it for more normal heartbeat

automated external defibrillator (AED)

device used to stop heart from defibrillation and return it to normal cardiac cycle by a surge of electricity

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

small devicei mplanted under the skin with electrodes terminating direction on the heart to stop an arrhythmia

doppler sonography

ultrasound that evaluated blood flow through blood vessels on the heart or carotid artery to evaluate problems in blood flow

echocardiography

aka cardiac ultrasonography which is a ultrasound procedure that directs sound waves through the heart to observe heart structures in an effort to evaluate heart functions

echocardiogram

recorded data from an echocardiography

stress ECHO

echocardiography during and after exercise to reproduce a heart dysfunction