Introduction to CSD- Unit 2

The nervous system ( for CSD) is made up of

respiratory, phonatory and articulatory systems

Neurons are the

building blocks of the nervous system

our body contains how many neurons?

10 million

The CNS includes the ( extended)

cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord

Cerebrum ( anatomy) 

has two cerebral hemispheres that are similar but not identical 

Lobes of the brain are

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

Frontal Lobe

motor movements, planning motor movements, executive functioning

Parietal Lobe 

sensation and spatial processing 

Temporal Love

auditory processing, and both language and non linguistic sounds

Occipital Lobe

visual processing

Brainstem 

includes the midbrain, pons and medulla; lies at the base of the brain anterior to the cerebellum 

Cerebellum function

important for balance and ensuring coordination

Spinal cord ( location)

lies within vertebral column

Spinal Cord ( function) 

relays information from the brain to the body and vice versa 

how many cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs

how many spinal nerves are there

31 pairs

Respiration is defined as

the power source for speech production

The respiration function is made up of 

lungs, rib-cage, air passageways, and diaphragm 

Lungs ( location)

lie within the rib cage

Alveoli are

end organs in the lungs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Respiratory Pathway is 

Mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs/ alveoli 

Inhalation

the diaphragm contracts, rib cage elevates. Air is taken in so pressure decreased and is equalized by taking more air in.

Exhalation

muscles relax, a decrease In lung volume results in increased pressure which is equalized by expelling air

the Larynx is also known as the 

voice box 

Larynx function

to convert respiratory energy to sound energy

the Larynx is made up of

vocal folds, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage and paired arytenoid cartilage

Vocal folds do what 

protect our airways, and help regulate the release of air forming sound. 

aspiration is

inhaling foreign matter

Phonation ( basic process)

vocal folds are brought together, then pressure builds below them and blows them apart, where they vibrate to create sound

vocal tract is 

a series of interconnected tubes from the larynx to the opening of the mouth and nose 

oral cavity

lips to pharynx

nasal cavity

opening at nares to pharynx

pharyngeal cavity 

extends from the vocal folds to the nasal cavity 

the velum does what

directs air into the oral cavity or nasal cavity forming different tones of sound

articulation

the process of forming speech sounds by movement of articulators

articulators can be 

fixed or mobile 

the main articulator in the mouth is

the tongue,

what are among the most common communication disorders treated by SLP’s? 

Developmental speech disorders 

articulation

the ability to produce sounds in sequence by moving the articulators a

articulation disorders

difficulty producing the sounds and sound sequences of a particular language

artic disorders often have difficulty with 

moving their articulators to form sounds 

the difference between artic and phonology disorders is

with artic disorders one cannot even make the sounds. With phonology, one can make the sounds, but they don’t know how to use them

Phonological disorders

difficulty understanding and implementing the underlying rules for producing sounds and sequences

Final consonant deletion 

bat vs ba 

Syllable Deletion

above vs bove

cluster reduction

step vs sep

Assimilation 

dig vs gig 

stopping

teep vs sheep

Fronting

car vs tar

Functional speech difficulties

the cause of differences from typically developing speech development patterns that cannot be determined 

Structural impairments include

cleft lip and palate, syndroms, macro and micro gloria and dental abnormalities

Dysarthria in children is

weakness/ paralysis and slowness in coordination plus abnormal muscles tone; often involves trouble eating or drooling

What is dysarthria in children caused by?

stroke, ALS, CP or developmental disorders

what disorder is dysarthria in children most commonly associated with? 

cerebral palsy 

Developmental Apraxia

inability to effectively “plan” motor movements

Key signs of developmental apraxia include

groping behavior, difficulty with long words and complicated sentences as well as generative speech

Apraxia is a 

motor planning problem 

Dysarthria is

motor weakness

Acquired Dysarthria is different from CP because

the adult have been able to use speech for many years; A

Acquired dysarthria is characterized by 

slushy or slurred speech 

Acquired apraxia treatment focuses on

Bailey to program movements by slowly increasing demand

Assessment process has 2 parts

screening and evaluation

Screening is simply 

the determination if an evaluation is necessary 

SODA errors are

substation, omission, distortion and addition

Substitution  errors 

wabbit for rabbit 

omission errors

boo for book

Distortion errors

lisp

addition errors 

boata for boat 

Articulation-based therapy

repetitive motor practice with feedback and attention to how the body is used to produce sounds

Therapy progression

isolation, syllables, words, phrases, sentences, connected speech

Phonological based therapy 

emphasize these of speech sounds and syllable sequences to communicate ideas 

AAC

Augmentative and Alternative communication device