HIST 203 Final (Social Movements)

What types of people were involved in the anti-war movement?

• Pacifists

• Radicals

• Anti-war liberals (practical and moral)

What types of anti-war protests occurred?

• Teach-ins

• Attack ROTCs

• Famous People speaking out

• Anti-draft

• Protesting companies/firms

• Marches

What famous people spoke out against war?

• Joan Baez

• Bob Dylan

• MLK Jr.

• Muhammad Ali

• Jane Fonda

What role did the media play in the ant-war movement?

• Television (could show atrocities)

• Newspaper (Pentagon Papers, 1971)

How did anti-war protests grow and shrink in popularity?

• Protests up 1966-68, then down when Nixon withdrew troops

• protests back up in 1970 when Nixon bombed Cambodia

What movement became increasingly prevalent in the 1970s and beyond?

Environmental movement (1960s: 17% though issue was important, 1990s; 78%)

What caused the environmental movement to take off?

• DDT and Silent Spring (1962)

• Oil Spills

• Hazardous wastes and Love Canal (1975-78)

• Cuyahoga River, Clevland (1969)

• Three-Mile Island nuclear accident (1979)

What legislation came about as a result of the environmental movement?

• National Environmental Protection Act (1970)

• Clean Air Act and Water Quality Improvement Act

• Environment Protection Agency (1970)

• Superfund (1980)

What did counterculture critique?

• Capitalism and materialism

• Excessive individualism

• Vietnam War and police authority

• Lack of spirituality

How was music influenced by counterculture?

• Heavily influenced rock and folk

• Festivals: Woodstock and Altamont

• Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendricks, Jim Morrison

What are other elements of counterculture?

• Drug use (LSD, Marijuana, Heroin)

• Religious mysticism

• Sexual Experimentation

• Underground press

• Communal Living

Who opposed counterculture?

Most of mainstream America was appalled

How was counterculture opposed?

• Arrests

• Drug busts

• Outlawed LSD

• Police harassment

What were the preconditions for the women’s movement?

• Working women (50s/60s half of women worked outside the home but had restricted opportunities)

• More college education

• Birth Control Pill

• Civil Rights movement

What were the two main groups of the women’s movement?

Professional Women and Women’s Liberation Movement

What was the professional women’s group focused on?

• Mainly educators, nurses, women’s orgs., labor unions, and lawyers

• Pushed for the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1963)

• Laws: Civil service, equal pay for equal work, Civil Rights Act of 1964

• National Organization for Women (NOW) (1966)

What was the Women’s Liberation Movement focused on?

• Younger and more radical

• Philosophy: challenge “female nature”

• Methods: Grassroots, raising consciousness

• Disrupt congressional hearings, Ladies Home Journal Occupation

What Laws and rulings came about due to the Women’s Movement?

• Title IX of Civil Rights Act of 1964 (athletics in schools)

• Roe v. Wade (1973)

• Violence Against Women

• Equal Rights Amendment (passed by Congress, never ratified)

What are some other women’s rights organizations?

• League of Women Voters

• YWCA

• Girl Scouts

What did black women focus on during the women’s movement?

• Race and gender

• Black men and masculinity

Who opposed the women’s movement?

Some conservatives

Why did people oppose the women’s movement?

• Thought it demeaned housewives

• “God’s role for women”

What movement is a challenge to historians?

Gay Rights movement

How was “deviance” defined before 1950?

“feminine” men and “masculine” women

How was “deviance” viewed during WW2?

• Same-sex gatherings and community

• Military prohibitions and tolerance

• Section 8 (“blue”) discharge

• After demobilization to cities

• More open and viable

What restrictions on gay rights came about in the 1950s"?

• Policing sodomy

• Lavender scare

• Creation of LGBTQ organizations and publications

What LGBTQ+ activism occurred in the 1960/70s?

• Challenge policing of sodomy (Stonewall)

• Change in Diagnostic and Statistical manuals

• More radical groups

• Harvey Milk

What resulted from the HIV/AIDS epidemic?

• 774,467 American w/ AIDS and 448,060 dies

• ACT UP activists

• Popular Culture (Philadelphia)

What regulations were in place regarding LGBT soldiers in the military?

• Discharged if caught until 1993

• “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (1993-2011)

• No restrictions (2011-present)

How has the legality of gay marriage changed overtime?

• Defense of Marriage Act (1996)

• Massachusetts made gay marriage legal (2004)

• DOMA unconstitutional (2013)

• Equal Right to Marry under 14th amendment (2015)

How have things for transgender people changed?

• Have had to fight for protections and understanding

• Community in bars, diners, clubs and drag balls (class and race segregated)

• Have own orgs, and newsletters

• Easier for trans men to blend into mainstream

• More viability brought more backlash (difficult relations w/ gay and feminist movements)

• More protections in 1990s (local/state) and inclusions in scholarly studies