Med physics fill in blanks :D

Extracorporeal lithotripsy is method of remote destruction of ........... by …..mechanical wave. Once penetrating inside the …. the wave can produce ...... vibrations. It results in rapid increase of ....... inside the stone, which causes impairing of its ...

1. Kidney and bladder stones

2. Shock

3. Lattice

4. max/resonant

5. Pressure

6. Structure stability

A steady flow is a fluid flow for which the following relation is satisfied: the….of fluid …… and its …..… is ……..along the vessel/pipe. Non-compressible fluid on the picture goes…..at area ….

1. Product

2. cross section

3. velocity

4. constant

5. slower

6. 1

A Gradient Is ……..quantity representing the rate of change of given quantity over the …. . Its value equals the difference in quantity’s values in two points/regions and direction – from …. to …… (denoted in the formulas by “-“). Particularly in diffusion, the …… gradient dc/dx represents difference in concentration over the distance. The substance flows ……. the gradient and down the gradient/osmotic forces.

1. Vector

2. distance

3. low

4. high

5. concentration

6. against

The light is ………EM wave consisting of two alternating fields –.......with strength E and……. with strength H. These fields “vibrate” simultaneously (in phase) in two……. planes. The light propagates with velocity dependant on……... Velocity is maximal in…….

1. Transversal

2. electric

3. magnetic

4. perpendicular

5. refractive index of matter

6. vacuum

In X-rays image diagnostics the photons penetrate into the tissues and interact with different structures at different ways (mainly by…...and…….. effects). This causes such attenuation of the photon beam that just a part of radiation…through the body and reaches the registration device. The contrast is obtained due to the zonal distribution of the attenuation. The grade of absorption depends on …… of the biological matter and its …….. Zeff. High-Z substances absorb ……, than tissues with low Z)

1. Compton

2. photoelectric

3. can pass

4. density

5. electron effective number

6. more

A photoelectric effect occurs when an ……..with certain characteristics encounters an atom. Through interaction with…….. shells, an……..is ejected. During this act the…….. energy of the ionizing radiation is……. The appearance of a photo-effect is more probable at bigger Atoms (Z)

1. Electron

2. k or L

3. electron

4. entire

5. absorbed

Full inner reflection occurs when …….beam encounters border between two media with: ….resistances. It arises if only the beam incidence angle is …in respect to the critical angle. As critical angle is assumed to be the angle of incidence at which angle of ……..normal is equal to 90 degrees. This definition is underlined by……... . Full inner reflection is basis in technical concept of……. beam focusing machine

1. Light

2. different refractive indexes

3. bigger

4. refraction

5. snellius law

6. endoscope

Magnetic fields arise due to ….. The spinning rotations of following particles do not contribute to magnetic field generation in atoms: ...... . Significant in medicine, …….react to external magnetic fields by temporary orientation of atomic magnetic vectors. This response is precondition for magnetic ......, which is achieved in presence of…….This radiation undergoes…… when it interacts with protons.

1. Moving electron charges

2. electrons

3. paramagnetics

4. resonance

5. pulsed electromagnetic irradiation

6. absorption

Photoelectric effect occurs when ionizing photon interacts with……. Photoelectric effect is accompanied with ……. atomic number transmission of energy. Each act of photoelectric interaction leads to production of…….. Probability of photoelectric effect appearance is formulated in following equation: τ ~ x.y^4 / (z)^3 where x is ……… (define quantity) y is ……… (define quantity) z is …. (define quantity).

1. Inner orbital electrons

2. total

3. pair of electrons

4. p

5. Z

6. hv

The picture illustrates propagation of …..It is typical to…..only. In the formula P(t)= 1*± 2*. sin(φ) the numbers correspond to quantities denoted on the picture as follows: • Increased/decreased pressure corresponds to (number)…. • Atmospheric pressure corresponds to (number).... Such mechanical wave transmits ……and has velocity dependent on intensity of the…....

1. Longitudinal

2. gasses

3. 1

4. 2

5. energy

6. properties of the medium

…….encounters border between two media with: …….resistances. It arises if only the beam incidence angle is …….in respect to critical angle. As critical angle is assumed to be the angle of incidence at which angle of …….normal

1. Light beam

2. different refractive indexes

3. bigger

4. refraction

Sound intensity is: the sound …… transmitted per second through a …….. placed ………. to the sound …... I= 1/t.2 Intensity is measured in ……per ……..

1. Energy

2. unit area

3. perpendicular

4. propagation

5. watts

6. square meter

Electrical Capacitance is measure for ability of a matter object (or component of electric circuit) to….......... Quantitatively capacitance is measured by the …........…..needed to change the ...…........of the component by…..........…: C = Q / V . In a capacitor the ……….. of the current passing is transformed into an ….........

1. Hold electric charge

2. electric charge

3. potential

4. 1 volt

5. energy

6. electric field

On the diagram below ……the closed area between …..and ..…… represents the …….. . All the sounds we can perceive are inside this area. Human…….are most sensitive to sounds from 1000 – 4000 Hz range. Human ….. is spread over 400 1000 Hz frequency range. (6 Points)

1. C

2. threshold of audibility

3. threshold of pain

4. audibility area

5. ears

6. speech

In “Brightness scan” mode the image is built as composition of multiple….., the brightness of which is depending on the value of….. The bigger the acoustic impedance of tissue detail – the….its image. This method is suitable for……structures examination. It is a……dimensional cross sectional view of the underlying structures. On the picture below B-mode is shown on …….sheet:

1. frames

2. acoustic impedance

3. brighter

4. compound

5. 2

6. graph b

Light intensity……during propagation through given matter, due to .........of electromagnetic energy by the particles of the medium. Quantitatively the light energy …..…... is described by Beer– Lambert–Bouguer law which reads: The radiant light flux Ψ…...…..in exponential manner during the passage through medium with ....…….... α and .....…..…. d

1. Decreases

2. absorption

3. dissipation

4. decreases

5. linear absorption coeff

6. thickness

Quantitatively the properties of Ionizing radiation are characterized by few basic quantities:

1. Linear ionization Nl –………………………………………………

the number of ion pairs produced by the given type ionizing particles during their passage through the unit path in matter medium.

Laminar motion is ….. . it is observed when ……. Velocity and …… area of the cross section of the blood vessels. Turbulent motion is …….. It is observed when ……. Velocity and…… area of the cross section of the blood vessels. Inside the arteries the blood moves ……, and only in the vicinity of the heart -.......

1. steady

2. low

3. big

4. unsteady

5. high

6. small

7. laminar

8. turbulent

Blood vessels lose their elasticity with age and this leads to ……of the systolic pressure while the diastolic pressure remains practically unchanged so that an arterial …..develops. Some renal diseases are accompanied by release of large amounts of hormones in to the blood (catecholamine and rennin) which make the blood vessels contract and as a result the arterial blood pressure ……, so that an arterial …….develops. In the case of heart failure the contraction force of the heart muscle decreases and therefore the arterial blood pressure ……., so that an arterial ……..develops. The loss of blood or big quantities of fluid leads to …… of the systolic and diastolic pressure, so that ……. . In the case of a valvular heart diseases the peripheral resistance decreases, therefore the systolic pressure stays the normal and the diastolic decreases, so that this increases the ……pressure

1. Increase

2. hypertension

3. increases

4. hypertension

5. decreases

6. hypotension

7. decrease

8. hypotension

9. pulse

In which of electric components on the picture is observed transformation of current into magnetic field: ——. One of components opposes to the alterations in current strength at higher grade than others because of reactance ———— proportionality to current frequency - this component is: ____. As the resistance is dependent on dimensions of the component, which metal wire will conduct better electric currents: ________. Human tissues electric impedance is complex combination of following resistivity types (from picture): — and — . Measurement of tissue electric impedance provides information about ______ system.

3,inverse, 3, Thick and short, 1, 3, cardiovascular

The change in frequency and wavelength of wave received by a receiver moving relative to the source of the wave is referred to as ———-. The effect occurs in every process involving ———————-. If the receiver is moving toward the source of wave, frequency ————- than the real one will be detected.

Doppler effect, any mechanical wave, will be higher,

Direct currents represent —— main types: ——— ———————-. The alternating currents are characterized by constant strength and —————————- and —————-. Semiconductors exhibit ability to conduct electric current.

two, pulse and constant direct currents, direction changes periodically, fixed phase,

Magnetic properties of matter are determined of atomic magnetic momentum. Each atom generates magnetic field due to motions, ——————————, —————————, and ———————- .

spinning rotation, nucleus magnetic momentum, orbital motion of electrons

For medical applications contemporary ultrasound production is mainly based on ————- effect. This effect occurs in some acoustic solid ———- and has two forms - direct and reverse. The probe in ultrasound diagnostics is called ————— and serves as ————— of ultrasound when works on reverse effect. The information in sonography is obtained by ultrasound ————- in tissues. The spatial resolution of sonography machines depends on ultrasound —————-.

Piezoelectric effect, crystals, transducer, receiver, reflection, frequency

The mechanical wave shown on the picture is used in ——————————-. It is produced by ——————— and has fixed frequency of 2 ————. Interaction of such wave with tissues causes measurable change in —————. Possible effect of it is ———————————.

Extracorporeal lithotripsy, sound resonance, phases, pressure, heating up of muscles

In electric circuits the Ohm's law is describing relation between: ———————-, —————————————. In the formula: X = Qt, where Q is electric charge, t is time - X corresponds to ————-. Overlapping in electron valence and conduction bands is typical to ——————. This overlap —————— to electric conductivity of materials. Rise of the temperature causes better for—————————-. Electric current passage requires medium with ——————————- difference in potentials in vacuum.

Electric current I, electromotive force (voltage) U and electric resistance R, current, conductors, facilitates, some semiconductors, free charges and voltage

Light absorption is referred to attenuation of ————— of light when interact with matter. This attenuation runs in —————- manner and does not depend directly on ——————————. Absorption spectrum is a characteristic of ——————- and represents specific relation between absorptivity and ———————. Attenuation of light is result of interaction of photons with —————.

intensity, exponential, acoustic impedance, matter media, atomic number Z, electrons

Paramagnetics have ….

when a paramagnetic substance is exposed to a constant pulsed and magnetic electromagnetic field.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance occurs:

non-zero magnetic momentum of single atoms.

Linear energy transmission (LET)

The locally transmitted energy by particles per unit path

Range (R)

The average depth in a certain substance at which the intensity of radiation