Studied by 47 Peoplesocial psychology
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
social psychology
how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
social influence
the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior
social cognition
how people think about themselves and the social world
person perception
the process of forming impressions of others
3 interpersonal components
(1) our context, (2) our self-perceptions, and (3) the perceptions we have of others
attribution theory
we attribute behavior to someone's personality (dispositional rational) or to a reaction to a situation (situational rationale)
fundamental attribution error
in explaining other people's behavior, we have the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors
self-serving bias
individualistic cultures; taking credit for your own success and blaming others for their failures
self-effacing bias
collectivist cultures; giving the group credit for their success and blaming themselves for their failure
actor-observer bias
people are likely to attribute others' actions to internal factors but unlikely to do the same for themselves
relative deprivation
the perception that you are worse off than the people you compare yourself to
saliency bias
focusing on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining the causes of behavior
central route to persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route to persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
rule of commitment
tendency to feel psychological and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with a prior public commitment
foot-in-the-door
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request
low-ball technique
strategy to gain compliance by having an attractive initial offer to get someone to agree, then later make terms less favorable
bait and switch
gets people to commit to a general course of action by getting them to accept a deal they would have rejected if it had been offered first
rule of reciprocity
the obligation to return a favor
door-in-the-face
tendency for people who say no to a huge request to comply with a smaller one
that's not all technique
strategy to make an offer and improve it
cognitive dissonance (Leon Festinger)
when actions and attitudes don't line up, we feel tension and discomfort that causes us to change either our actions or our attitudes in order to reduce that dissonance
overjustification effect
receiving extrinsic motivation for something you were intrinsically motivated to do
Stanford Prison experiment (Philip Zimbardo)
proved people's behavior depends to a large extent on the roles that are asked to play
chameleon effect
we unconsciously mimic others' expressions, postures, and voice tones, which helps us feel what they are feeling
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing another person doing so; helps enable imitation and empathy
conformity
adjusting an individual's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard when there is pressure to do so
conformity experiment (Soloman Asch)
3/4 of participants conformed at least one, 1/3 of the students went along with the group the entire time
conditions that strengthen conformity
-one is made to feel incompetent or insecure -the group has at least 3 people -the group is unanimous -one admires the group's status and attractiveness -the individual says the answer verbally -the group observes the individual's behavior; -the culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
normative social influence
influence from a person's desire for acceptance or to gain approval or avoid rejection
informational social influence
influence from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality (facts and useful and crucial information provided by other people)
obedience (Stanley Milgram)
demonstrated that blind obedience to authority could override moral conscience; 2/3 of subjects complied fully up to 450 (max) volts; ethical problems: deception during the experiment and psychological harm
group influence
ways in which group members influence attitudes, behaviors, and opinions of others within the group
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social inhibition
the tendency to perform complex or difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of others
social loafing
people exert less effort when working in a group than when they are alone
social striving
people exert more effort when working in a group than when they are alone
deindividuation
abandoning self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal or anonymity
group polarization
if a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
cultural influence
how culture and norms affect the way we act, speak, and thinking
culture
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
norms
rules for accepted and expected behavior
personal space
buffer zone we like to maintain around our body
social control
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
minority influence
the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities
reactance theory
we react against threats to our freedoms by reasserting those freedoms, often by doing the opposite of what we are being pressured to do
prejudice
a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority