Welfare mix + typologies

What 4 sectors complete the “Mixed Economy of Welfare” according to Powell (2007)?

• State welfare

• Private (market) welfare

• Voluntary welfare

• Informal welfare

What does the “welfare mix” refer to?

The role that the state, private sector, organised society and informal networks play in providing social welfare

According to Townsend (1979), what is a left-wing welfare mix?

State needs to play a big role in promoting equality and alleviate problems caused by the free market

According to Friedman (1980), what is a right-wing welfare mix?

Market is more efficient and competitive than the state

According to Williams (1989), what are the ‘new social movements’ organised around?

Institutionalised inequalities, e.g. gender, race

What is the beliefs of ‘Third Way’ welfare?

• Centrist welfare mix

• Economic growth and social justice. Market regulated by the state

What is involved with the ideologies of the ‘Third Way’ welfare mix?

• Equality of opportunity requires state intervention

• Modernisation of the state

• Community empowerment

• Public-private partnerships

What political era are Public-Private Partnerships associated with?

Third Way/New Labour

What are Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)?

Arrangements where the private sector provides services or financing part of the provision

What are the two main wlefare typologies/frameworks?

• Titmuss (1960s-70s)

• Esping-Andersen (1990,1999)

What was involved in Titmuss’ framework?

Used the state/market/family division to analyse welfare provision

What are the three models in Titmuss’ welfare typology?

• Residual

• Industrial Achievement-Performance

• Institutional Redistributive

What is the Residual Model?

State intervenes if private market and family fail

What is the Industrial Achievement-Performance Model?

Social needs should be met on the basis of merit, work performance and productivity

What is the Institutional Redistributive Model?

Universalist services, based on principle of social equality

What did Esping-Andersen (1990) critique for the classification of welfare states (based on total welfare expenditure)?

• Inaccurate

• Inappropriate to assume all spending counts equally

What were the two concepts proposed by Esping-Andersen (1990)?

• Decommodification

• Stratification

What is decommoification?

When a service is based on rights and when individuals do not depend on the market.

What is stratification?

The welfare state intervenes in and recreates the structure of inequality

What are Esping-Andersen’s three regime-types/typologies?

• Liberal

• Conservative

• Social-democratic

What is involved in Esping-Andersen’s (1990) Liberal Model?

• Benefits are means-tested

• Targets low-income groups

• Strict rules of entitlement

• Entitlement often associated with stigma

• State encourages the market and private welfare schemes

What is involved in Esping-Andersen’s (1990) Conservative Model?

• Corporatist structures

• Rooted in post-industrial class structures

• Rights were attached to status and class

• Preservation of traditional values

• Usually linked to the Church.

What is Esping-Andersen’s (1990) Social-Democratic Model based on?

Universalism

What does the Social-Democratic model aim to eliminate?

Dualisms, e.g. state/market, working class/middle class etc.

What is involved in Esping-Andersen’s (1990) Social-Democratic model?

• Everyone benefits and everyone is dependent - stigma-free?

• Everyone feels obliged to contribute

• Seeks individual independence, not to maximise dependence on the family

• Right to work has equal status to the right of income protection

According to Ebbinghaus (2012), what two models from E-A does Britain use?

Mainly liberal, partly social-democratic

According to Ebbinghaus (2012), what are some countries that only use the social-democratic model?

Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands

What impacts welfare distribution according to Esping-Andersen’s (1999) revisit of the typologies?

• Role of the family in redistribution

• Gender perspective

• Geopolitical changes

• Economic factors

• Structural inequalities