Oraganelles Working Together (Protein Production)

What is the role of the nucleus in protein production?

Contains DNA with genes coding for proteins

site of transcription to produce mRNA.

What is the role of the nucleolus?

Synthesises ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.

What happens to mRNA after it is transcribed in the nucleus?

mRNA leaves the nucleus via the nuclear pore and travels to ribosomes for translation.

Where does translation of proteins occur?

On ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or free ribosomes in cytoplasm.

What is the role of the RER in protein production?

Provides a site for ribosomes to synthesise proteins; proteins enter the lumen for folding and modification.

What is the role of vesicles in protein transport?

Transport proteins from RER to the Golgi apparatus.

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein secretion?

Modifies proteins (e.g., adding carbohydrates to form glycoproteins), packages them into secretory vesicles.

What is the role of secretory vesicles?

Transport modified proteins and fuse to the plasma membrane for exocytosis.

What is the role of the plasma membrane in protein secretion?

Secretory vesicles fuse with it, releasing proteins by exocytosis.

What is the interrelationship between nucleus and RER in protein synthesis?

Nucleus provides mRNA instructions, RER ribosomes translate them into proteins.

What is the interrelationship between RER and Golgi apparatus?

Proteins made in RER are packaged into vesicles and sent to Golgi for further modification.

What is the interrelationship between Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane?

Golgi packages proteins into secretory vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane for secretion.

What is the role of mitochondria in protein synthesis and secretion?

Provide ATP needed for processes such as protein synthesis, vesicle transport, and exocytosis.

What is the pathway of protein secretion?

DNA (nucleus) mRNA

ribosome (RER)

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

secretory vesicle

plasma membrane

exocytosis.

What organelle assembles ribosomes?

The nucleolus assembles ribosomal subunits.

What organelle modifies proteins by glycosylation?

The Golgi apparatus.

What process describes the release of proteins from the cell?

Exocytosis.

What is the difference between free ribosomes and RER ribosomes?

Free ribosomes synthesise proteins for use inside the cell, RER ribosomes synthesise proteins for secretion or membranes.