Major components of Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus

Act as the control center of the cell, housing DNA and coordinating gene expression, replication, and RNA transcription. The nuclear envelope surrounds it with pores for selective transport.

Mitochondria

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, it generate ATP through cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and double membranes, suggesting an evolutionary origin via endosymbiosis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis and folding.

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids and detoxifies certain chemicals

Golgi Apparatus

Functions like the cell’s post office - modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Lysosomes

contain enzymes that digest cellular waste and foreign particles.

Peroxisomes

break down fatty acids and neutralize toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide.

Cytoskeleton

A dynamic network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate, filament) the maintain cell shape, facilitate transport, and enable cell division and movement.