UNIT 7- Personality Emotion Motivation Stress

Kurt Lewin

The one who proposed types of conflicts as follows avoidance avoidance approach, avoidance approach, approach, multiple approach avoidance

Vaccilation

The tendency of a person to go back and forth due to the conflict

Type ABCD personality

Fredman and Rosenman classification of personality

Three C’s of Hardiness

Given by Suzanne and Kubasa

Control commitment and challenge

Hans Selye

Author of General adaptation syndrome, gas model of stress. Alarm stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage.

Martin Seligman

Explanatory styles, weather, internal versus external stable versus unstable global versus specific

Joseph Wolphe

Reciprocal inhibition-the principal where relaxation and fear cannot occur together because the nervous system cannot handle both of them at the same time

Carl Jung

Analytical approach and nomothetic approach-Personal, unconscious and collective unconscious complexes and architects. Architects are as follows self persona, enema, anus, shadow,sizgy

Womb envy

Karen horney - males in females because they do not have woman and cannot give birth to child

Karen Horney theory of neurosis

Explain development of neurosis due to factors like role of cultural ,social environment and family dynamics. Basic anxiety originated in childhood, leading to threat about the world, ultimately leading to extreme pole. Complaints to people and withdrawn from people. Moving towards people, moving against people, moving away from people-complaint, hostile, detached.

Nomothetic approach

general laws applies to all

idiographic approach

Unique to individual

deterministic approach

past experiences, determine present and future

Alfred Adler

Individual psychology and idiographic approach-child, primary inferiority, motivation to overcome, leads to balance and unbalance psyche. Secondary inferiority, inferiority complex, and superiority complex

Personality type, ruling type, avoiding type, getting type social useful type

Birth order determining personality,

Fictional functionalism, masculine protest

Erich Fromm

Need for freedom and need for belongingness. Both contrast, each other causes anxiety. Hence personality types developed.

Personality types, receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive

Carl Rogers

Person centred theory-idiographic approach, everyone has the potential to self actualise, types of self, real self and ideal self -congruence and incongruence between them, lateral leads to psychological disorders,

Positive regard, conditional positive regard, unconditional positive regard

Rollo May

Existential theory , Search for meaning of life

Costa and McCrae

Big five from orthogonal rotation method

Orthogonal methods

Varimax, Quartimax, Equimax

Oblique Rotation Method

Promax, Direct Oblimin method

Hans Eyesenck

Nomothetic approach, PEN model,

Psychism-sociability, extra version-introversion, neuroticism- emotional stability

Eyesenck Hierarchy (form factor analysis)

Super factors/ types> traits> habits > specific behaviour

Raymond Cattel

16 PF, Surface traits and source traits

Gordon Allport

Central Secondary Cardinal traits

Jullian Rotter

Locus of control-internal locus of control(achievement oriented high self control), external locus of control(passive coping)

Costa and McCrae

Big five- OCEAN

Clerk Hull

Driver reduction theory also give aggression frustration hypothesis

Instinct theory of motivation

Given by Sigmund Freud

Arousal theory of motivation

Yerkes and Dodson Law-inverted U relationship, relationship between oral and performance. Physiological and psychological oral only up to certain point is effective. Too much oral less performance.

Self determination theory

Deci and Ryan- in net and psychological needs that influence individual self determination -Dicci> CAR-need for competence. Need for autonomy. Need for relatedness.

Atkinsons achievement theory of motivation

Intrinsic motivation guided by hope for success and fear of failure

Content theories of motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy, Herzberg Two factor, Mclleland Needs, Alderfer ERG

D needs

Deficiency needs only realised when deficient- basic psychological need, safety, love and belongingness ,self-esteem

Jonah effect/complex

fear of self actualisation or improving because of fear of responsibility, scared of self best potential

Invariance

Has to pass the lower steps before promoting to the higher ones

Alderfer

ERG Theory- existence needs, related needs, growth needs. Satisfaction, progression, frustration regression, satisfaction strengthening. Against the order of hierarchy or invariance

satisfaction progression

in ERG theory, if one need is fulfilled, then progression to the upper needs

Frustration regression

in ERG theory If upper needs not fulfilled, then regression to lower need

Satisfaction strengthening

In ERG theory When one need fulfilled, motivation to strengthen the satisfaction of the same need again

Herzberg theory of motivation

Two factor theory related to job satisfaction-motivator factors in hygiene factors.

Hygiene factors

In Herzberg two factor tbeory -Job dissatisfaction factors-if hygiene factor is present, then less chances of the satisfaction but does not ensure job satisfaction completely

Motivator factors

In Herzberg, two factor theory important factors That determine job satisfaction

McClelland theory

Theory of motivation -needs to learned from past experiences PAA-need for power ,achievement and affiliation. One need is always to imminent.

Process theory of motivation

Vroom expectancy theory, goal, setting theory, Skinner reinforcement, Bandura Self efficacy

Vroom expectancy theory

Motivation is a product of three factors expectancy, instrumentality and Valence

Paul Ekman- ASS Has FD

Six universal emotions, anger, sadness, surprise, happy, fear, disgust

Robert Plutchik

Wheel of emotion

Joy-sad

Fear-angle

Surprise-anticipation

Trust- Disgust

Peripheral theory of emotion

Proposed byJames lange-emotion is caused by physiological arousal criticism while the physiological arousal, but we don’t feel fear

Thalamic theory of emotion or central theory

Given by canon and bard, says that stress activates Thalamus and physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously

Two factor theory of emotion

Schacter Singer-when the stressor, first there is physiological arousal>labelling(cognitive interpretation)—> emotion

Cognitive mediational theory or cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

Richard Lazarus :-There is cognitive interpretation before his logical arousal to cognitive appraisal. Primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. Primary consist of whether challenge or threat if threat then secondary appraisal, according to the availability of resources, available low threat unavailable high threat.