AP Human Geography Population Review

Ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Arable land

Land suited for agriculture.

CBR-CDR=

Natural increase rate (NIR)- the percentage growth of a population in a year

1980’s China population trends

Due to the one child policy, China’s CBR declined from 18 in 1980 to 12 in 2018 and the NIR declined from 1.2 to 0.5.

Malthus prediction

The population was growing much more rapidly than Earth’s food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically.

Was Malthus wrong?

Yes

World patterns of crude death rates

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Dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Demographic transition

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.

Reasons for declining birth rates

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Hidden momentum

Delay in effects of population policies

Fecund Range/Fecundity

The childbearing years which is 15 to 49 years old.

Homeostatic stages of demographic transition

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Total fertility rate

The average of children that a women would have in her childbearing years.

General fertility rate

In 1 year how many women in the fecund range would have a child.

Examples of countries in each stage of demographic transition

Stage 1: None

Stage 2: Uganda, Nigeria, Angola, Gambia

Stage 3: India, Brazil, Bangladesh, U.S., Mexico

Stage 4: Japan, Russia, Italy, China, Denmark

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Population pyramids

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.

• shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the CBR

• Age distribution: dependency ratio

• Sex distribution: sex ratio

Pronatalist policies

Government policy that supports higher birth rates.

Anti-natalist policies

Government policy that supports lower birth rates.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)

Factors leading to stage 2

Still high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, and very high NIR

Gray populations

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Chain migration 

Reuniting families

Push and Pull Factors

Push factors: A factor that induces people to leave old locations

Pull factors: A factor that induces people to move to a new location.

• Economic reasons (poverty, better jobs)

• Political reasons, including war

• Education

• Religious freedom

• Bright lights, big city

• Forced migrations (slavery, refugees)

Effected of one-child policy

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Economies of each stage of demographic transition

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NICs

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Replacement rate

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Population shift in USA

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Immigration

Migration to a new location (enter the country)

Emigration

Migration from a country (leave the country)

Eras of high US immigration

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Brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people

Intraregional migration in USA

Migration from rural to urban areas

• primary reason= economic migration

Migration from urban to suburban areas

• primary reason= suburban lifestyles, cars

Migration from urban to rural areas

• counter urbanization, changes in the workplace

Future of USA population

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Maquiladoras

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