DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic info in cells, double helix shape, made of nucleotide pairings

adenine(A) - thymine(T)

Guanine(G) - cytosine (C)

DNA structure

Phosphate + sugar + nitrogenous base

DNA replication parts and enzymes

DNA lignes (seals cuts left by poly 1) DNA polymerase 1 (removes rna primer) DNA polymerase 3 (adds pairings to create ness strand of dna) Primase (adds rna primer) topoisomerase (prevents supper coiling (dna tangle)) helicase ( breaks hydrogen bonds to seperate strands) Single stranded binging protein (SSB protects SSDNA from mutation) RNA primer ( added to start dna replication) Ori ( start of replication high in AT)

Lamarks theory’s

Theory of need - if an organism needed a structure it would create it

Theory of use and disuse - if you needed a structure regularly you would keep it if not lose it

Inheritance of Acquired characteristics- acquired characteristics will be passed eon

Transcription

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region (TATA box in eukaryotes and 10 or 35 nucleotides from start condone in bacteria/prokaryotes)

2. RNA uses the template strand to create single stranded MRNA

3. Introns are removed exons stay 5’ guanine cap added and poly A tail = mature RNA

Translocation

Take MRNA to make a polypetide (chain of amino acids)

Translation @??

Cytoplasm ribosome

Chromosomal mutations

Deletion (delete part of chromosomes) duplication ( extra copy) Inversion ( reverse direction/order) translocation ( part breaks and attaches to another) none disjunction (addition or loss of a full chromosome)

Gene mutation

Substation (nucleotide switch) deletion ( nucleotide deleted) insertion (extra nucleotide added) inversion (order switch)

Interphase error

DNA replication mistake (substitution)

Prophase error

No nucleus = chromosomes get tangled

Metaphase error

If spindle fibres fail to starch to centromere = non disjunctions

Anaphase error

spindle divers don’t stretch = non disjunction

Telophase and cytokines error

Leave chromosomes outside nucleus (non disjunction)

Meiosis error

Prophase 1 insertion/deletion and inversion