D202 Human Growth and Development

self-concept

an understanding of personal abilities and attributes that develops during middle childhood

self-esteem

an evaluation of personal identity and assessment of the self while performing various activities

self-efficacy

belief in the abilities of self to behave in a certain way to bring about specific results

Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority

4th stage of human development. busy industrious, constantly doing something, planning, playing, gathering w/friends gaining a sense of confidence

Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development

1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional

He has six stages organized into 3 categories. May describe males better then females.

Kohlberg's preconventional morality

Stage 1, moral reasoning based on concepts of punishment. The child believes if the consequence for an action is punishment, then the action was wrong. A sense of right/wrong, individuals only think about rewards and avoidance of punishment. AGE: prior to 9yrs old

Kohlberg conventional morality

a sense of right and wrong that is accepted by an individual though no rewards or punishments are involved. wants to please people. Complies with the law. AGE: older children, adolescents, and most adults.

Kohlberg postconventional morality

a sense of right and wrong in which an individual thinks about the welfare of society as a whole. Rare to reach this morality. AGE: Rare with adolescents and few adults.

sociometric assessment

a method of measuring interpersonal relationships in a social group.

friendship

peer interactions often involve parallel play as toddlers. Friends are referred to based on proximity, next door neighbor, schoolmate etc. Later on based on trust and commitment. Bigelow and Selmen believe these changes are linked to advances in cognitive development

Momentary physical interaction

A friend is someone you are playing with at this point in time. Selman (1980) notes that this is typical of children between the ages of three and six. These early friendships are based more on circumstances (for example, a neighbor) than on genuine similarities.

One-way assistance

A friend is someone who does nice things for you, such as saving you a seat on the school bus or sharing a toy. However, children in this stage do not always think about what they are contributing to the relationships. Nonetheless, having a friend is important, and children will sometimes put up with a not-so-nice friend just to have a friend. Children as young as five and as old as nine may be in this stage.

Fair-weather cooperation

Children are very concerned with fairness and reciprocity, and thus, a friend is someone who returns a favor. In this stage, if a child does something nice for a friend, there is an expectation that the friend will do something nice for them at the first available opportunity. When this fails to happen, a child may break off the friendship. Selman found that some children as young as 7 and as old as 12 are in this stage.

Intimate and mutual sharing

Typically between the ages of 8 and 15, a friend is someone to whom you can tell things you would tell no one else. Children and teens in this stage no longer "keep score" and do things for a friend because they genuinely care for the person. If a friendship dissolves in this stage, it is usually due to a violation of trust. However, children in this stage do expect their friends to share similar interests and viewpoints and may take it as a betrayal if a friend likes someone that they do not.

Autonomous interdependence

A friend is someone who accepts you and whom you accept as they are. In this stage, children, teens, and adults accept and even appreciate differences between themselves and their friends. They are also not as possessive, so they are less likely to feel threatened if their friends have other relationships or interests. Children are typically 12 or older in this stage.

adolescence

the transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood

sexual intercourse

sexual contact between individuals involving penetration, especially the insertion of a man's erect penis into a woman's vagina, typically culminating in orgasm and the ejaculation of semen

birth control

or contraception is any method, medicine, or device used to prevent pregnancy

Adolescent Sexual Activity

Increased sexual attraction by 10/11 yrs old. By end of High school, 1/2 students having sex.

adolescent pregnancy

aged 15-19, 17.4/1,000. pregnancies have declined since 2007, Those sexually active are using more birth control then before.

risks of adolescent pregnancy

hypertension, iron-deficiency anemia, premature birth, stillbirth, LBW infants, and prolonged labor

anorexia nervosa

restriction of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, disturbance in ones self evaluation regarding body weight. slow HR, low BP, heart failure, and the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorders. FEAR of OBESITY

bulimia nervosa

recurrent episodes of binge eating, recurrent, inappropriate, compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, including purging, laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise, self evaluation is unduly affected by body shape and weight. Electrolyte imbalances affecting the heart and other major organs, digestive system affected, frq. vomiting=inflammation and pos. rupture of esophagus, high cholesterol, type 2 DM, gall bladder disease.

binge eating disorder

recurrent episodes of binge eating marked distress regarding binge eating binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate conpensary behavior

Erikson Identity VS role Confusion

Experience dramatic physiologic changes associated with sexual maturation that include appearance

Marcia's Four Identity Statuses

Foreclosure, Identity Diffusion, Moratorium, and Identity Achievement.

identity diffusion

a status that indicates those who have neither explored the options nor made a commitment to an identity

dentity foreclosure

a status in which adolescents have made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options

identity moratorium

a status in which individuals are actively exploring in an attempt to establish an identity but have not yet made any commitment

identity achievement

a status in which adolescents have made an identity commitment after exploration of all options

religious identity

The religious views of teens are often similar to that of their families (Kim-Spoon et al., 2012). Most teens may question specific customs, practices, or ideas in the faith of their parents, but few completely reject the religion of their families.

political identity

The political ideology of teens is also influenced by their parents' political beliefs. A new trend in the twenty-first century is a decrease in party affiliation among American adults. Many adults do not align themselves with either the Democratic or the Republican party but view themselves as "independent." Their teenage children are often following suit or become more apolitical (Côtè, 2006).

vocational identity

While adolescents in earlier generations envisioned themselves as working in a particular job and often worked as an apprentice or part-time as teenagers, this is rarely the case today. Vocational identity takes longer to develop, as most of today's occupations require specific skills and knowledge that require additional education or on-the-job training. In addition, many of the jobs held by teens are not in occupations they seek as adults.

gender identity

Acquiring a gender identity is becoming an increasingly prolonged task as attitudes and norms regarding gender keep changing. The roles appropriate for males and females are evolving, and the changing view of gender as "binary" (that is, only either male or female) allows adolescents more freedom to explore various aspects of gender. Some teens may foreclose on a gender identity as a way of dealing with this uncertainty, and they may adopt more stereotypic male or female roles (Sinclair & Carlsson, 2013).

sexual identity

According to Carroll (2016), by age 14 most adolescents become interested in intimate relationships, and they may begin sexual experimentation. Many adolescents feel pressure to express interest in opposite-sex relationships, even if they are not ready to do so. This pressure can be especially stressful for those adolescents who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or questioning their sexual identity.

ethnic identity

a state that refers to how people come to terms with who they are based on their ethnic or racial ancestry

MAMA cycling

psychological movement back and forth between moratorium and achievement in the identity exploration process

bicultural identity

a state in which individuals see themselves as a part of the ethnic minority group as well as the society at large

multiracial

an individual whose parents are originally from two or more ethnic or racial groups

negative identity

one of the most problematic outcomes of identity development in adolescents in which they adopt norms and values that are contrary to that of their family and culture

homophily

a tendency in adolescence in which members of a peer group tend to be similar to one another in behavior and attitudes

deviant peer contagion

process by which peers reinforce problem behavior by laughing or showing other signs of approval

cliques

sociologically speaking, groups of individuals who interact frequently

crowds

sociologically speaking, groups that are characterized more by shared reputations or images than actual interactions

relationship inauthenticity

an incongruence between thoughts and feelings and the actions within a relationship

differentiation

the way something is distinguished or determined among the others

sociometric assessment

a measurement of attraction between members of a group, such as a classroom of students

polular children

children who are mentioned most frequently in sociometric assessments

polular-prosocial

children who are cooperative and friendly and tend to do well in school

popular-antisocial

children who gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others

rejected children

children who receive primarily negative votes in a sociometric assessment

rejected withdrawn

children who are shy, withdrawn, and unlikely to retaliate when bullied

rejected aggressive

children who are ostracized because they are loud, aggressive, and confrontational

controversial children

children who have several positive and several negative votes in a sociometric assessment

neglected children

children who rarely have any positive or negative votes in a sociometric assessment

average child

a child with a few positive and very few negative votes in a sociometric assessment

ways to assess the quality of family life ?

1. Providing food, clothing, and shelter
2. Encouraging learning
3. Developing self-esteem
4. Nurturing friendships with peers
5. Providing harmony and stability1

cohabiting

living together and sharing the same place as if married, usually without legal or religious sanction