Histology Slides

FUCKASS HISTOLOGY SLIDES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION FIRST YEAR

What is this?

Omentum Majus Simple Squamous Epithelium - Silver Impregnation (AgNO3) (34a)

• Part of the Peritoneum, which forms unique serous membrane (serosa)

• built of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

• look from the top (surface) cells are polygonal

• nuclei are not visible

• Cells connect thanks to interdigitations

What is this?

Glandula Thyroidea Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - HE (2)

• Endocrine gland = hormones (iodine based)

• built of follicles

• on top of basal membrane = simple cuboidal epithelium (nucleus = circle)

• looks like 2 layers of cells

• colloid content - pre-hormones, iodine ions, and hormones

What is this?

Small Intestine Simple Columnar Epithelium - HE (3, 44)

1. Tunica Mucosa - mucosa
   A. Lamina Epithelialis - simple columnar resorptive epithelium with microvilli; columnar cells with microvilli (elongated, basal), goblet cells (triangular, basal) and stem cells (cylinder, middle)
   B. Lamina Propria - Loose connective tissue containing blood vessels
   C. Muscularis Mucosae - muscle layer, contains connective tissue and smooth muscles

2. Tela Submucosa - loose connective tissue, simple tubular glands, goblet cells

3. Tunica Muscularis - 2 types of smooth muscle cells
   D. Stratum Circulare
   E. Stratum longitudinale

4. Tunica Serosa (mesothelium) or Tunica Adventitia (loose connective Tissue)

What is this?

Trachea pseudostratified epithelium - HE (22)

• part of the respiratory tract

• pseudostratified and columnar ciliated epithelium

• 3 types of cells

  • columnar ciliated cells

  • stem cells (basal cells)

  • goblet cells

1. Tunica Mucosa

   1. Lamina Propria - LCT to glands

2. Tunica fibromusculocartilaginea - contains cartilage (hyaline cartilage), 2 ends of cartilage are linked together by muscle layer

3. Tunica Adventitia - loose connective tissue

What is this?

Ureter Transitional Epithelium - HE (59)

• surrounded by a lot fat tissue (adipose tissue)

1. Tunica Mucosa
   a. Lamina epithelialis
   - (3 layers) (wrinkle) transitional epithelium of henle
   - stratified epithelium, a lot of membrane (looks like stripes);
   - very small cylindrical shaped cells (stratum basale)
   - on top, polygonal cells (tennis rocket shaped)
   - on top, only one cell (umbrella cells; may have 2 nucleus)
   - outer membrane of the cells, invagination (wrinkling) of the membrane, linked together by uroplakins (proteins) (protects cells from toxicity)

   b. Lamina Propria

2. Tunica Muscularis - 2/3 layers of cells

3. Tunica adventitia - has a lot of big blood vessels

What is this?

Esophagus Stratified Squamous nonkeratinized - HE (18)

• Membrane invaginations (wrinkling)

• all of the cells are alive and has nuclei

• stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Top of basal membrane - layer of small cells (stratum germinativum / stratum basale); small cylindrical shaped

On top, bigger cells - Polygonal shaped

On top, flat cells - squamous epithelium cells

1. Tunica Mucosa
   a. Lamina Epitheliaris
   b. Lamina Propria - may see some glands
   

2. Tela submucosa - big glands (esophageal glands, glandula esophage)

3. Tunica Muscularis

4. Tunica Adventitia

What is this?

Cornea Stratified Squamous Nonkeratinized - HE (1)

• Arch Structure

• Cornea epithelium - Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

• usually 6-7 layers of cells

• Endothelium - origin Endothel
  - epithelium anterius- stratified squamous non keratinized
  - epithelium posterius- simple squamous epithelium

1. Basal Layer - Basal membrane is a straight line (has no blood vessels)

2. Stratum germinativum

3. Stratum basale

4. 1-2 layers polygonal cells

5. 1-2 layers of flat squamous cells

What is this?

Hairless Skin Stratified Squamous Keratinized - HE (19,25)

• built of 3 layers

1. Epidermis - built in Tunica Mucosa
   a. Epithelium - Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
   b. Stratum Basale - Keratin fiber, cuboidal cells
   c. Stratum Spinosum - Desmosomes, polygonal cells
   d. Stratum Granulosum - Keratohyalin, flat squamous epithelium, final layer with alive cells
   e. stratum Lucidum - keratin
   f. Stratum corneum - keratin, dead cells, cannot be seen

2. Dermis - LCT

3. hypodermis - LCT

• Receptors

BOTH

• Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)

  • Fibers: Collagen type 1, elastic fibers, ground substance

  • Cells: Fibroblasts, fibrocytes

What is this?

Intestinum Tenue - Mucicarmine (3b)

Staining: Mucicarmine (not a lot of pink, but purples structures (vacuoles of goblet cells)

• Microvilli also has staining, due to excretion produced by goblet cells and tubular glands and tubular glands are going to resurface, to scratch the surface of the cell

• Tela Submucosa - big tubular glands (simple Tubular glands)
  

What is this?

Intestinum Crassum (Large Intestine) (45) - HE

• Epithelium: Same as the small intestine, Simple columnar resorptive epithelium with microvilli

• Difference: Lamina Propria: tissue of glands (Simple Tubular Glands), Goblet cells usually dominate these glands
  

What is this?

Glandula Parotis - HE (28)

• Big saliva gland located behind the ears

• Has fat tissue

• contains only serosa acini (circular nucleus, with pyramidal outline, new epithelial cells, no lumen) (with ribosomes, produces protein rich solutions)

• Epithelium: Cuboidal Epithelium

What is this

Glandula Submandibularis - HE (30)

• under the mandibula bone (jaw)

• 2 different structures:
  1. serosa tsinin (no lumen, circular nucleus, pyramidal outline, ribosomes, new epithelial cells) 70% (purple)
  2. mucosa tsinin (big lumen, squamous nucleus, squamous like outline, new epithelial cells) 30%, but it looks big so 50-50% ratiov (pink)

What is this?

Glandula Sublingualis - HE (29)

• located underneath the spine

• more light structures

• mucosa tsinin are dominating than serosa tsinin

• also mixed atsinin (mucoctyes dominates the serocytes)

What is this?

Pancreas - HE (47)

• Exocrine
  fully serosa tsini (they don’t have new epithelial cells), but will gain centroacinal cells inside the lumen
  

• Endocrine
  - lining house ions - endocrine (hormones)

• islets of langerhans

What is this?

Placenta - HE

• chorionic villi goes inside the endometrium

• placenta is formed by the maternal and the fecal parts

• placenta is normally formed in the endometrium of the mother

• Structure of villi:

  • 2 layers of cells surrounding the embryonic part

  • cytotrophoblast (inside)

  • syncytiotrophoblast (outside)

  • with time, cytotrophoblast will disappear and left with syncytiotrophoblast

• Chorion villi has a lot of blood vessels, because placenta helps get nutrition and oxygen from mother to babies

• these two tissues never mix

• mucous embryonic connective tissue - built of collagen type 1 small fibers and round cells, very limited amount of ground substance

What is this?

Umbilical Cord - HE

• structure which carries out blood vessels (looks like Loose connective tissue)

• 3 types of blood vessels:

  • 1. venaumbilicaries

  • 2. arterieumbilicaries

• Epithelium: Amion, simple cuboidal epithelium

• Wharton Jelly - very soft tissue, built of small non-refinigated microcollagen type 1 fibers

• Stem cells: triangular shaped from the umbilical cord

• Empty space is filled with ground substance

• Umbilical cord is very

What is this?

Hypoderma - HE

• no blood vessels inside

• example of loose connective tissue

• loose connective tissues built of collagen and elastic fibers

• Collagen fibers: big fibers and cells attach to them

• elastic fibers: thin and smaller, cells don’t attach to them ( because they change composition, stretched and relaxed)

• Cells that attach to collagen fibers are called Adherent oblique cells (fibroblast/fibrocytes)

• fibroblasts - cells which produce the whole component of extracellular matrix (fibers, collagen, ground substances)

• Defense cells - not attach, but moving, come from blood vessels (granulocytes, macrophages, lipocytes)

What is this?

Tendon - Van-Gison

• Dense irregular connective tissue

• usually don’t have blood vessels

• avascular aminavein structure (IDK)

• collagen tendon organ

• tenocytes - cells of tendons, and maintains collagen fibers inside

• blood vessels in the sheaths

What is this?

Aorta - Orcein

• Orcein stains elastic structure only

• its a blood vessel, with epithelium (simple squamous epithelium, endothlium)

• Tunica etimum - contains endothelium

• Suped utelium - loose connective tissue

• 2 layers:

  • top: membrana elastica externa

  • inside: tunica media which contains membrana elastica interna

• Tunica adventitia

• Smooth muscle cells

What is this?

Lymph node - AgNO3

• reticular connective tissue

• has 2 surfaces

  • corticol: primary and secondary follicles

  • mendular part (inside)

• reticular fibers (spider web) - collagen type 3 fibers has the affinity to silver ions

• cells: reticular cytes

• cells inside: lymphocytes

What is this?

Trachea - HE

• Epithelium - pseudo stratified and columnar ciliated epithelium

• Loose connective tissue - contains the blood vessels

• Hyaline cartilage - has 2 perichondrium (top and bottom)

• perichondrium = chondroblasts

• inside = chondrocytes in the hyaline cartilage forms huge isogenic groups. Halo around is called territorial matrix

• Bright pink - interterritorial matrix, built of collagen type 2 and aggrecan, very robust?

• tunica adventitia

• Tunica fibromusculocartilaginea - it contains smooth muscle and fibers that connect two edges of the cartilage caalled “U-shaped” or “Horseshoe cartillage”

What is this

Epiglottis - Orcein

• located at the end of mouth cavity

• 2 different types of epithelium:

  • Facing the mouth: stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

  • Facing the larynx: pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium

• Orcein - stains elastic structures of elastic cartilage

• has 2 perichondrium

• Deep zone of cartilage - middle has a lot of cells, very narrow space between cells stained with orcein

What is this?

Bone - Schmorl Staining

• dense bone tissue contains osteons

• osteons - center hole is called haversian channel that carries out blood vessels

• concentric circle of collagen type 1 and hydroxyapatite

• Lacunae (holes) - places where osteocytes reside

• cracks of the bones (small channels “canaliculus”) - forms pathways towards center and also communicate between osteocytes

What is this?

Blood Film - Wright-Giemsa

• blood is a liquid connective tissue

• extracellular matrix is liquid called blood plasma

• blood plasma contains water and organic and non organic components

• RBC - males (4-6×10^12 cells/L) Females (3.5-5.5 ×10^12 cells/L)

• Erythrocytes are cells without nucleus, but have a lot of hemoglobin inside

• on top of erythrocytes has a lot of factors (blood lines factors, A Group, B Group, AB Group, and O group)

• has also rhesus factor

• WBC - 4-10×10^9 Cells / L, all has nucleus, and all has lysosome (phagocytic cells)

• granulocytes:

  • Neutrophils (55-60%) - contains segmented low nucleus (3-5), has granules but not stained

  • Eosinophils (2-4% or 1-3%) - specific cells, they will not divide in the blood stream

  • Basophils (0.1-1%) - biggest granulocytes, contains granules which are stained, contains inside hestamine and serotonin inflamatory cells

• Agranulocytes:

  • Lymphocytes - built of B and T cells Ratio (20-80%), B cells don’t produce antibodies, they have the ability to turn inside the plasmacytes the one which are going to produce the antibody. They have the ability to differentiate

  • monocytes (4-5%) - the biggest white blood cells macrophages, kidney shaped nucleus, phagocytic cell has the ability to migrate closer to connective tissue

  • platelets - are not cells (200-400×10^9 Units/Liter)

What is this?

Bone Marrow - Wright-Giemsa

• reticular connective tissue

• built of collagen type 3 fibers

• inside the bone marrow - formation of several blood lineages

• most likely to observe the stages of erythropoiesis (basophilic, erythroblast, polychromotophic, etc)

• observe stages of granulopoiesis

• very big cells (megakaryocytes) which produce platelets

What is this?

Tongue (lingua) - HE

• Epithelium: Stratified squamous (non-keratinized).

• Papillae: Highly deep structures containing taste buds.

• Tunica Submucosa: Contains serous glands (circular nuclei) and mucous glands.

• Muscle Cells: Rhabdomyocytes (striated voluntary muscle).

• Nuclei: Up to 100 nuclei per cell, located underneath the sarcolemma (plasma membrane).

• Connective Tissue Sheets: Endomysium (individual cells), perimysium (bundles), and epimysium (whole muscle)

What is this?

Tongue (Lingua) - FeH

• Purpose: Specific stain to visualize striation.

• Visuals: Consecutive dark and bright bands (isotropic and anisotropic).

• Scale: One cell contains up to 10,000 sarcomeres

What is this?

Heart (cor) - HE

• Cells: Cardiomyocytes; typically a single-nucleus cell.

• Organization: Each cell is wrapped in its own endomysium.

• Connections: Linked by intercalated discs.

• Conducting System: Large conducting cells (Purkinje fibers) that are not red because they lack myofibrils.

• Endocrine Cells: Produce atrial natriuretic factor to control blood pressure/kidneys

What is this?

Small Intestine (intestinum tenue) - HE

• Epithelium: Simple columnar resorptive epithelium with microvilli.

• Cell Types: Columnar cells (elongated nuclei), goblet cells, and stem cells (circular nuclei).

• Stem Cell Activity: Nuclei can be euchromatic (active/bright) or heterochromatic (resting/dark).

• Lamina Propria: Loose vascular connective tissue with Type IV collagen.

• Glands: Lieberkühn glands (simple tubular) dominated by goblet cells.

• Muscle Layers: Two layers of smooth muscle (leiomyocytes): stratum circulare and longitudinale.

• Outer Layer: Tunica serosa (mesothelium/simple squamous) or tunica adventitia (loose connective tissue)

What is this?

Cerebrum - AgNO3

• Purpose: Used because astrocytes have an affinity for gold.

• Visuals: Astrocytes look like "spiders or like stars".

• Color: Appears as a "pink purple structure" even though gold is used.

What is this?

Cerebrum- HE

• Layers: Contains six layers of cells in the gray matter.

• Organization: Gray matter is on the outside (bodies and dendrites); white matter is on the inside (axons).

• Key Cells: Features pyramidal neurons, including the "big pyramidal cells of Betz" in the fifth layer.

• Glial Cells: Contains protoplasmic astrocytes that maintain the balance between neurons.

• Staining: This is the slide referred to as the "pink purple staining

What is this?

Cerebrum - Fuschin

What is this?

Cerebellum - HE

• Organization: Gray matter outside, white matter inside.

• Layers: Contains three layers of cells.

• Key Cell: Features large Purkinje cells (referred to by the professor as "protein cells")

What is this?

Cerebellum - AgNO3

• Organization: Gray matter outside, white matter inside.

• Layers: Contains three layers of cells.

• Key Cell: Features large Purkinje cells (referred to by the professor as "protein cells")

What is this?

Medulla Spinalis - HE

• Organization: White matter outside, gray matter inside (butterfly or 'H' shape).

• Anterior Horn: Contains very large alpha motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.

• Central Canal: Lined with ependymal cells (simple columnar with microvilli/cilia) which produce cerebrospinal fluid.

• Note: The description is the same for HE or Silver staining, but silver clearly shows the cell shape

What is this?

Medulla Spinalis - AgNO3

• Organization: White matter outside, gray matter inside (butterfly or 'H' shape).

• Anterior Horn: Contains very large alpha motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.

• Central Canal: Lined with ependymal cells (simple columnar with microvilli/cilia) which produce cerebrospinal fluid.

• Note: The description is the same for HE or Silver staining, but silver clearly shows the cell shape

What is this?

Peripheral Nerve - Azan

• Focus: Used specifically to identify non-myelinated neurons.

• Visuals: Axons appear as red dots with a blue outline called the endoneurium.

• Layers: Includes perineurium (red line) and epineurium (outermost loose connective tissue)

What is this?

Peripheral Nerve - OsO4

• Focus: Used specifically to visualize myelinated neurons.

• Visuals: The axon is in the center, wrapped in a dark/black myelin sheath.

• Connective Tissue: Also identifies the endoneurium, perineurium, and epinurium

What is this?

Ganglion Spinale - HE

• Neurons: Contains pseudounipolar neurons (T-shaped neurons).

• Satellite Cells: Neuron bodies are surrounded by a "mud-like" layer of satellite cells for protection/trophic function.

• Note: There are no synapses in this structure; the description is identical for both HE and Silver slides.

What is this?

Ganglion Spinale - AgNO3

• Neurons: Contains pseudounipolar neurons (T-shaped neurons).

• Satellite Cells: Neuron bodies are surrounded by a "mud-like" layer of satellite cells for protection/trophic function.

• Note: There are no synapses in this structure; the description is identical for both HE and Silver slides.

What is this?

Cutis (skin) - HE

• Location: Found in the deep dermis.

• Structure: Looks like a large capsule filled with Type I collagen and fibroblasts arranged in concentric circles.

• Function: These are pressure and vibration receptors; when you squeeze or touch them, the internal structure indents to trigger the bare neuron inside.