Full Physics Regents Vocabulary List
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221 Terms
Scalar Quantity
a physical quantity that has magnitude only
Vector Quantity
a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction
Distance
the total length of the path traveled
Displacement
the straight-line change in position with direction
Speed
the rate at which distance is traveled
Velocity
the rate of change of displacement
Average Velocity
total displacement divided by total time
Instantaneous Velocity
velocity at a specific moment in time
Constant Velocity
velocity that does not change in magnitude or direction
Acceleration
the rate of change of velocity
Uniform Acceleration
acceleration that remains constant
Rest
no change in position relative to a reference point
Free Fall
motion of an object when gravity is the only force acting
Acceleration due to Gravity
the constant downward acceleration caused by gravity
Time Interval
the elapsed time between two events
Slope (Position-Time Graph)
the rate of change of position representing velocity
Slope (Velocity-Time Graph)
the rate of change of velocity representing acceleration
Area Under the Curve (Velocity-Time Graph)
the displacement over a time interval
Resultant Vector
the single vector that has the same effect as multiple vectors combined
Force
an interaction that can change an object's motion
Net Force
the vector sum of all forces acting on an object
Unbalanced Force
a net force that causes a change in motion
Equilibrium
a state in which the net force on an object is zero
Inertia
the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion
Mass
a measure of the amount of matter and inertia of an object
Weight
the gravitational force acting on an object
Newton's First Law
an object remains at rest or in constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force
Newton's Second Law
the net force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration
Newton's Third Law
when one object exerts a force on another the second exerts an equal and opposite force
Normal Force
the force exerted by a surface perpendicular to contact
Applied Force
a force applied to an object by another object or person
Tension
the pulling force transmitted through a string or cable
Friction
a force that opposes relative motion between surfaces in contact
Static Friction
friction that prevents motion between surfaces
Kinetic Friction
friction that opposes motion between moving surfaces
Coefficient of Friction
a ratio that compares friction force to normal force
Air Resistance
a frictional force caused by air opposing motion
Circular Motion
motion of an object along a circular path
Centripetal Force
the inward net force required to maintain circular motion
Centripetal Acceleration
acceleration directed toward the center of a circular path
Tangential Velocity
velocity directed tangent to a circular path
Radius
the distance from the center of a circle to the object
Vector Components
the horizontal and vertical parts of a vector
Concurrent Forces
forces that act on the same point
Momentum
the product of an object's mass and velocity
Impulse
the product of force and the time interval it acts
Change in Momentum
final momentum minus initial momentum
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
the impulse applied to an object equals its change in momentum
Conservation of Momentum
the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act
Total Momentum
the vector sum of momentum of all objects in a system
Isolated System
a system with no external forces acting
Collision
an interaction in which objects exert forces on each other
Elastic Collision
a collision in which momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
Inelastic Collision
a collision in which momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not
Recoil
backward motion resulting from conservation of momentum
External Force
a force acting on a system from outside
Projectile
an object launched into the air that moves under gravity
Trajectory
the curved path followed by a projectile
Horizontal Velocity Component
the constant horizontal part of a projectile's velocity
Vertical Velocity Component
the vertical part of velocity affected by gravity
Launch Angle
the angle between the initial velocity and the horizontal
Range
the horizontal distance traveled by a projectile
Maximum Height
the highest vertical position of a projectile
Time of Flight
the total time a projectile is in the air
Independence of Horizontal and Vertical Motion
horizontal motion and vertical motion occur independently
Work
the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force
Power
the rate at which work is done
Watt
the SI unit of power
Joule
the SI unit of work and energy
Energy
the ability to do work
Mechanical Energy
the sum of kinetic and potential energy
Kinetic Energy
energy an object has due to motion
Gravitational Potential Energy
energy due to position in a gravitational field
Elastic Potential Energy
energy stored in a stretched or compressed object
Total Mechanical Energy
the sum of all kinetic and potential energy in a system
Conservation of Energy
the total energy of an isolated system remains constant
Internal Energy
the total microscopic energy of particles in a system
Heat (Thermal Energy)
energy transferred due to a temperature difference
Work-Energy Theorem
the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy
Spring Constant
a measure of a spring's stiffness
Elongation / Compression
the change in length of a spring
Hooke's Law
the restoring force of a spring is directly proportional to its displacement
Ideal Mechanical System
a system in which no energy is lost
Non-Ideal Mechanical System
a system in which energy is transformed into non-mechanical forms
Electrostatics
the study of electric charges at rest
Electric Charge
a property of matter that causes electric forces
Coulomb
the SI unit of electric charge
Elementary Charge
the smallest possible unit of electric charge
Proton
a positively charged subatomic particle
Electron
a negatively charged subatomic particle
Neutron
a neutral subatomic particle
Ion
an atom that has gained or lost electrons
Electrostatic Force
the force between electric charges
Coulomb's Law
the electric force between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
Inverse Square Law
a relationship where a force is proportional to one divided by the square of the distance
Electric Field
a region where electric forces act on charges
Electric Field Lines
lines that indicate the direction and strength of an electric field
Positive Test Charge
a small positive charge used to define electric field direction
Electric Potential Difference
energy transferred per unit charge
Voltage
electric potential difference