Anatomy Pathology Chapter

What is a common cause of transverse fractures of the sacrum?

High energy trauma, repetitive stress, or weakened bones.

What type of fracture involves separation of the pubic symphysis?

Open book fracture.

What is a saddle fracture?

Bilateral breaks in pubic and ischial rami, associated with visceral injury.

What distinguishes stable fractures from unstable fractures?

Stable fractures are non-life threatening, while unstable fractures are life-threatening.

What is the most common pathogen causing urinary tract infections?

E. coli.

What are the three stages of urinary tract infection progression?

Urethritis, cystitis, and pyelonephritis.

What is stress incontinence?

Involuntary loss of urine after an increase in intraabdominal pressure.

What are common risk factors for stress incontinence in women?

Multiparity, obesity, chronic cough, and heavy lifting.

What is uterine prolapse?

Descent of the uterus due to weakened ligaments and pelvic floor muscles.

What is the most common type of cervical carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma.

What are risk factors for cervical carcinoma?

Early sexual activity, multiple partners, HPV infection, and smoking.

What are uterine leiomyomas?

Benign tumors of the smooth muscle and connective tissue of the myometrium.

What is endometriosis?

A condition where ectopic endometrial tissue grows in the pelvic cavity.

What is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive tract?

Uterine endometrial carcinoma.

What are common risk factors for uterine endometrial carcinoma?

Obesity, estrogen replacement therapy, and early menarche or late menopause.

What is chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Chronic or recurrent infections of uterine tubes that can cause infertility.

What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)?

Bleeding associated with irregular cycles or intermenstrual bleeding with no identifiable cause.

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Implantation of a blastocyst outside the uterine cavity, usually in the fallopian tube, which can be life-threatening.

What are assisted reproduction strategies?

Methods used by infertile couples to achieve pregnancy, including In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).

Describe the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) process.

Hormone-induced superovulation, harvesting ova transvaginally, fertilizing them in vitro, and transferring the embryo directly into the uterus.

What is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the female reproductive tract?

Ovarian cancer, which arises mainly from the surface epithelium.

What are common risk factors for ovarian cancer?

Genetics, fatty diet, age, long estrogen exposure, nulliparity, and being of white race.

What is a vasectomy?

A surgical procedure for male sterilization involving the cutting and sealing of the vas deferens.

What is testicular cancer and its common characteristics?

Cancer that arises mainly from germ cells, usually malignant, and is the most common cancer in young men.

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A common condition where the prostate enlarges, compressing the urethra and causing urinary difficulties.

What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Urinary urgency, decreased stream force, urinary frequency, and nocturia.

What is the HoLEP procedure?

Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate, a new technology for treating benign prostatic hypertrophy.

What is prostatic carcinoma?

A type of cancer that can be detected by digital rectal exam and is associated with elevated PSA levels.

How does prostatic carcinoma spread?

It spreads along ejaculatory ducts to nearby organs and via the prostatic venous plexus and lymphatics to the skeleton and viscera.

What are hemorrhoids?

Varicose dilations of submucosal veins that can cause swelling, itching, pain, and rectal bleeding.

What are the risk factors for developing hemorrhoids?

Pregnancy, obesity, constipation, heavy lifting, sedentary lifestyle, and portal hypertension.

What is an episiotomy?

An optional surgical incision during labor to prevent tearing of the perineal body.

What is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the US?

Chlamydia trachomatis, often occurring with Neisseria gonorrhea.

What are the potential consequences of untreated chlamydia in women?

Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility.

What is urethral trauma in males?

Injury to the urethra that can occur from external trauma or improper catheter placement.

What is urine extravasation in males?

Escape of urine into spaces due to urethral injury, often from trauma or catheterization.

What is erectile dysfunction?

The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.

What are some psychological factors contributing to erectile dysfunction?

Depression, anxiety, and stress disorders.

What vascular problems can lead to erectile dysfunction?

Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cigarette smoking.

What congenital anomalies affect the penis?

Hypospadias and epispadias, where the urethral orifice is misplaced.

What is the significance of Buck's fascia in urine extravasation?

It determines the location of urine accumulation following urethral injury.