Biological diversity

Ecosystem Diversity

Variety of ecosystems such as forests oceans grasslands and wetlands

Community Diversity

Variety of species living together in one area

Population Diversity

Differences among individuals of the same species in one area

Genetic Diversity

Variety of genes within a species

Variation

Differences between individuals of the same species

Benefit of Variation

Helps survival adaptation and disease resistance

Where is Variation Highest

Tropical rainforests

Sexual Reproduction

Two parents offspring genetically different more variation slower

Asexual Reproduction

One parent offspring genetically identical faster less variation

Advantage of Sexual Reproduction

More genetic variation and better adaptation

Disadvantage of Sexual Reproduction

Requires a mate and uses more energy

Advantage of Asexual Reproduction

Fast and only one parent needed

Disadvantage of Asexual Reproduction

Little genetic variation

Pistil (Carpel)

Female flower part

Stigma

Top of pistil receives pollen

Style

Connects stigma to ovary

Ovary

Contains ovules

Stamen

Male flower part

Anther

Produces pollen

Filament

Supports the anther

Budding

Asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from the parent

Example of Budding

Hydra or yeast

Zoospores

Swimming spores produced by some algae and fungi

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit

Example of Mutualism

Bees and flowers

Commensalism

One benefits and the other is unaffected

Example of Commensalism

Barnacles on whales

Parasitism

One benefits while the host is harmed

Example of Parasitism

Tick on a dog

Adaptation

Inherited trait that helps survival and reproduction

Example of Adaptation

Camouflage thick fur long neck

Continuous Trait

Has many possible values

Example of Continuous Trait

Height or weight

Discrete Trait

Has specific categories

Example of Discrete Trait

Blood type

Dominant Trait

Expressed when at least one dominant allele is present

Recessive Trait

Expressed only with two recessive alleles

Mutation

A change in DNA

Effects of Mutation

Harmful beneficial or neutral

Somatic Cells

Body cells with 46 chromosomes

Gametes

Sex cells with 23 chromosomes

Examples of Gametes

Egg and sperm

DNA

Molecule that carries genetic information

Gene

Section of DNA that controls a trait

Heritable Trait

Trait passed from parents to offspring

Meiosis

Produces 4 different gametes chromosome number halved

Mitosis

Produces 2 identical body cells chromosome number stays the same

Purebred

Homozygous having two identical alleles

Hybrid

Heterozygous having two different alleles

Allele

Different form of a gene

Example of Alleles

T and t

Incomplete Dominance

Neither allele dominates resulting in a blend

Example of Incomplete Dominance

Red flower plus white flower equals pink flower

Endangered

Facing extinction

Extirpated

Gone from one area but exists elsewhere

In Situ Conservation

Protecting species in their natural habitat

Example of In Situ Conservation

National parks

Ex Situ Conservation

Protecting species outside their natural habitat

Example of Ex Situ Conservation

Zoos aquariums seed banks

Causes of Extinction

Habitat loss climate change disease overhunting competition catastrophic events

Artificial Selection

Humans choose which organisms reproduce

Example of Artificial Selection

Dog breeding and crop breeding

Natural Selection

Individuals with beneficial traits survive and reproduce more

Example of Natural Selection

Peppered moths

Biotechnology

Using living organisms to solve problems or make products

Artificial Insemination

Sperm placed into a female without natural mating

Cloning

Producing a genetically identical copy

Example of Cloning

Dolly the Sheep

IVF

Egg and sperm combined in a lab then implanted into the uterus

Genetic Engineering

Directly changing an organism's DNA

Example of Genetic Engineering

Disease resistant crops and insulin producing bacteria