physics 2.1 matter

all matter or material is made up from what building blocks

atoms

atoms can be subdivided into

protons neutrons and electrons

a molecule consist of a collection of….. that are……joined

consists of a collection of two or more atoms that are chemically joined

the chemical joining of the molecule give the material what properties

macroscopic properties

the act of joining atoms and or joining molecules is known as

chemical bonding

once formed what energy state materials form

lowest form

what is the definition of energy

the ability to do work

efficiency is the measured in respect to

work

protons have a minute

positive charge

neutrons are electrically

neutral

the nucleus of a atom consist of

protons and neutrons

atoms are electronically

neutral

why are atoms electrically neutral

the number of positive protons match the number of negatively charged electrons

energy bands closets to the nucleus are held tightly due to

electrostatic attraction

what energy band is higher closet or furthest away from the nucleus

closest

an ion is formed when

a atom gains or looses a electrons

a positive ion is formed when

a atom looses one or more outer electrons

a negative ion is formed when

a atom gains an electrons

the valance of a atom is related to the ability to

enter into chemical combination with other elements

the valence is often determined by

the number of electrons in the outer most shell

valance shells are often known as

S and P shells

the numbers 1s 2s 2p ect relate to the

shell level

the subscript numbers 1s² 2s² refer to

the numbers of electrons in that shell

magnesium has a valance of

2

aluminium has a valance of

3

germanium has a valance of

4

the total number of s and p electrons in the outer most shell often account for the

valance number

what can the valance number also depend on

the nature of the chemical reaction

if a atom has a valence of zero no chemical reaction takes place and its a example of

inter or nobel elements

the rows in the periodic table correspond to

the principle energy shells that contain the electrons

the columns in the periodic table refer to the

number of electrons present in the outermost sp energy level thus correspond to the most common valance

transition elements are named because

their valance shells are being filled progressively as you move from right to left in the table

since copper has filled its 3d shell this helps

keep the valance electrons tightly held to the inner core

why are gold silver and copper in the same column

they have similar properties

in the periodic table columns 1 and 2 elements have

filled there inter shells and one or two valance electrons in column 3

how many valance electrons does aluminium have

3

clhlorine has how many valance electrons

7

the number of valance electrons in the outermost shell determine

the reactivity of the element and the way that it will combine with others (type of bond)

all atoms within the element try to return or sit in their lowest energy levels this is achieved if they can obtain the

Nobel gaas configuration

what are the three types of primary bond

ionic covalent and metallic

what type of bond is a van der waals

secondary bond

a ionic bond is formed when

one type of atom donates its valence electrons to a different atom and both have a complete or empty valance shell and acquire an electrical charge and behave like ions

ionic bonds are also known as

electrovalent bond

what is the Nobel gas configuration

a full set of outer most shells

in covalent boding electrons are

shared to fill each atoms outer most shell

metalic elements that have a low valence give up there electrons to form

a sea of electrons that surround the nucleus of the atoms

metalic elements giving up there electrons creates positive ions which in turn produces

strong metallic bonds due to the mutual attraction

the ease with which the atoms give up there valence electrons make them

very good conductors of electricity

van der waals bonds join molecules by Weak electrostatic attraction

many polymers ceramics water tend to form

electric dipoles

what is electrical dipoles

portions of the molecules are positive and some negative and there is a weak attraction between the regions

van der walls bonds are secondary bonds but the atoms within the molecules are held together by strong

covalent or ionic bonds

bonding between atoms is a mixture between

two or more types

what two types of bonds do ions have

metalic and covalent

the electronic structure of a atom may be characterised by

the energy levels to wich each electron is assigned in particular to the valence of each element

the periodic table of the elements is constructed based on the

electronic structure (energy levels)

the electronic structure plays an important part in determining the

bonds between the atoms

metals have a good ductility and electrical and thermal conductivity because off the

metallic bond

ceramics, semiconductors and polymers are brittle and have poor conductivity because of there

covalent and ionic bond

van de waal bonds are responsible for what in certain polymers

ductility

three states of matter is due to the struggle between the

interatomic or intermolecular binding forces and the motion due to there own internal energy

the force of attraction or repulsion depends on the

distance between the atoms/molecules when combined

when the distance is greater than 1 atomic diameter what forces dominate

attraction

at very small distances what dominates

repulsion

at a distance that the interatomic resultant forces is zero is called

R0

R0 normally happens in a

Solid

in a solid if atoms are brought closer by compression

they repel each other

in a solid if atoms are pulled further apart they

attract

equilibrium separation is

when atoms are attract or repel when compressed or pulled apart

as temperature increases in liquid what increases

amplitude of internal vibration energy

when temperature increases the the amplitude of internal vibration increases of a liquid until the atoms can overcome

interatomic bonding forces to their immediate neighbours

even though liquids atoms and molecules are not much further apart they have

greater speed due to increased temperature

the primary difference between liquids and solids is

the difference in structure

what gives liquid its flow characteristic while at the same time holding it sufficiently together

the force between the molecules

in a gas atoms and molecules move

randomly together at high speed taking up the space in the vessel

when compared to liquids and gases gas molecules are relatively

far appart

in gasses molecular interaction only occurs when

molecules collide and large repulsive forces operate between them

the idea of gasses filling up a vessel is what newtons law

first

what is newtons first law

Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object will continue travelling in a straight line unless it collides with another molecule or hits the sides of the container

gas has no paticular shape or volume but

expands until it fills any vessle into which it is introduced

what is freezing

transition from liquid to solid

what is melting

transitioning from solid to liquid

what is vaporisation

transition from liquid to gas

what is condensation

transition from gas to liquid

what is sublimation

transition from solid to gas without passing though liquid

what is deposition

transtion from gas to solid without passing through liquid