Communications final

According to Albert Mehrabian, what percent of emotional meaning is communicated non-verbally?

93%

Why is a liar telling a complex lie more likely to show nonverbal cues of lying?

Complex lies require more cognitive effort, so body language is less controlled (all of the above reasons).

Semaphore, Morse Code and American Sign Language are examples of nonverbal communication.

False – they are considered verbal symbol systems (languages), not purely nonverbal.

Which is not an example of a counterfeit question?

Questions that genuinely gather more facts and details.

What is NOT a characteristic of nonverbal communication?

Being specfic

Culturally understood substitutes for verbal expressions are called what?

Emblems

Which of the listed responses is the most accurate example of empathizing?

None of them – an empathizing response reflects and validates the other person’s feelings (e.g., “You sound really disappointed about that loss.”)

In comparing listening, speaking, reading, and writing, which is most used but taught least?

Listening is most used but taught least.

How are verbal and nonverbal communication interconnected (functions)?

Nonverbal messages can substitute, repeat, complement/accent, and regulate verbal messages (all of the above).

Which is more changeable/malleable: self-concept or identity?

Identity

According to Jack Gibb, being open and honest in interactions is called what?

Spontaneity

“Verbal camouflage” in class referred to what?

“Fat in the language” – extra words that soften/hide what we really mean.

Our self-concept comes predominantly from where?

Our relationships with other people.

Cognitive complexity refers to what?

The ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue or situation.

Behaviours that complement or reinforce a verbal statement are called what?

Illustrators

According to John Gottman, clear communication is a trait of almost all successful couples.

True – successful couples typically communicate clearly.

Which of Jack Gibb’s categories is not a type of supportive communication?

Certainty (it’s defensive, not supportive).

The notion that words are arbitrary and have no meaning in themselves refers to which characteristic of language?

Language is symbolic.

When judging others, we blame personality more than the situation.

True – this is the fundamental attribution error.

Body movements that control the flow of conversation are called what?

Regulators

The end result of avoiding conflict is most often what?

Lose–lose

Which is not a good deliberative/empathic listening behaviour?

Shifting the focus away from what the other person has said.

Which of the following is not an element of conflict?

Inevitability – conflict may be inevitable, but that’s not a defining element.

A fashion designer notices clothing, an athlete notices muscles, a surgeon notices bone structure – this shows what nature of perception?

Selective nature of perception

“Rhetorical sensitivity” refers to what?

The ability to take a variety of perspectives when deciding how to express a message.

Which theorist suggested there are seven universal facial expressions?

Paul Ekman

According to Bowlby, an infant’s mother is always the primary relationship that establishes attachment style.

False – any consistent primary caregiver can shape attachment style.

You “catch” your friend’s bad mood over lunch. Research has found what?

This is emotional contagion – emotions can transfer from one person to another and are affected by those around us.

A communication event is repeatable exactly as it occurred before.

False – communication is unique and unrepeatable.

Finish Buber’s quote: “All real living is _.”

“meeting”

According to Ekman and Friesen, what are the best sources of nonverbal leakage while we manage our facial expressions?

Feet and legs

Our brains are hardwired to multitask on several items at once to be more efficient.

False – multitasking generally reduces efficiency; we switch attention instead.

According to Gottman, successful same-sex couples differ greatly from successful opposite-sex couples in their approach to conflict.

False – successful couples tend to show similar healthy patterns regardless of orientation.

Rules governing the likely meaning of a word given context are called what?

Pragmatic rules

Nicole gives in and agrees to a vacation she doesn’t want. What conflict style is she using?

Accommodating

Joe thinks he is smarter than everyone else in his algebra class. This is an example of what shaping his self-concept?

Reference groups

A hungry person sees restaurants everywhere due to which factor of attention?

Motives

Which theory explains perceived costs and rewards of relationships in deciding to maintain or end them?

Social exchange theory

Which of the following is not one of the four phases of the listening process mentioned in your text?

Hearing – it is physiological, not one of the four listening phases.

When Steve and Amy talk about many different topics, the Social Penetration Model says their interaction has a lot of what?

Breadth

What is the last Knapp stage where it is still possible to stop de-escalation and move into a holding pattern or return to intimacy?

Stagnating

Listening is a natural activity that people do without conscious effort.

False – effective listening is an active, learned skill.

In class, “Bonding” was not the top stage of development; instead it was when what happens?

When “I and You” becomes a “We” (integrating).

The learned nature of perception means it is what in its interpretation of the present?

Backward looking – based on past experience.

Which statement about nonverbal communication is not true?

“Intent is necessary for nonverbal communication” – intent is not required.

Tag questions, hedges, and disclaimers tend to do what?

They make a person seem less authoritative/powerful and can hurt perceived competence (all of the above effects).

The different word order “whiskey makes you sick when you’re well” vs “whiskey, when you’re sick, makes you well” is related to which rule?

Syntactic rules

The connotative level of language does what?

Conveys feelings and personal associations.

Use of language that does not take change into account is called what?

Static evaluation

We experience pain more strongly when we do what/feel what?

When we feel sad and depressed.

Emblems satisfy which function of nonverbal communication?

Substituting for verbal messages.

“You haven’t been talking much with me lately… What is going on?” is an example of what concept?

Perception checking

(Second “51” in your list) When compared to truth-tellers, deceivers typically do what?

Make more speech errors.

“The language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn” is called what?

Culture

Sandra hears “thanks a lot” as negative. This illustrates which communication principle?

Relational dimension of messages

We talked about “mirroring” as a way to do what?

Show that we are engaged in a conversation.

Who suggested we should attach dates to key words to improve civil discourse?

Korzybski

The degree to which we feel threatened by ambiguous situations is called what?

Uncertainty avoidance

According to the transactional model, meanings are in what?

People and their experiences

The theory that we form relationships to meet needs for inclusion, control and affection is called what?

Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)

The state of having a close, authentic connection with another person is called what?

Intimacy

Speech elements that are not categorized as language are called what?

Paralanguage

Who said “there is no real cup, only electrons in a temporary configuration”?

Korzybski

When Dr. Amy Cuddy says “fake it till you become it,” she means what overall?

Nonverbal communication can change how we see ourselves, how others see us, our hormones, and our confidence (all of the above).

Silent listening is the best response when what is true?

When you are open to the speaker’s ideas and interjecting isn’t appropriate.

Which term does not apply to the transactional aspect of communication?

Terminal

When there are gaps in our perceptions, we tend to do what?

Fill in the gaps.

Christian’s response to Sateesh’s calculus worries is inappropriate because he is doing what?

Shifting the focus to himself.

In “Trent is such a jerk…” / “You’re disgusted with the way Trent has been treating you,” the listener is doing what?

Using paraphrasing to try to understand the speaker’s message.

The metaphor used in class to show the differentiation stage of relationships was what?

Apples and oranges

How are verbal and nonverbal communication interconnected (functions)?

All of the above – they can repeat, substitute, complement/accent, and regulate each other.

Sean’s posture changes, finger-tapping, and foot-shaking while denying a crime suggest what to the officer?

Nonverbal leakage

Carol Dweck’s research found what overall?

All of the above – fixed mindset fears mistakes and sees talent as innate; growth mindset sees potential as unknown and qualities as improvable.

The initiating stage of a relationship is when what typically happens?

Information is gained about others passively (scanning, first impressions).

“If you could have anything right now, what would it be?” is part of which conflict-resolution tool?

Magic wand

The development of “insider” language signals the emergence of which stage?

Integrating stage (True statement).

“The process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others” defines what?

Communication

Rules governing which sounds can appear in a language are called what?

Phonological rules

In the perception-checking statement “When you hung up on me I got mad. What were you feeling?”, which component is missing?

Providing two possible interpretations of the behaviour.

GB Shaw said the biggest problem in communication is what?

The illusion that it has taken place.

Which is necessary for a win-win strategy?

Determine what both parties need to get out of the negotiation.

When we engage in grave dressing after a breakup, we do what?

Create a public story/statement of why the relationship ended.

Which theory suggests that certain tensions are important in relationships?

Relational Dialectics

When communicating with those close to us, we tend to do what with listening?

Take listening shortcuts.

One should avoid silence in Active Listening.

False – silence can be a powerful part of active listening.

“Create your own personal __, and be part of someone else’s.” (Guest speaker principle)

Board of Directors

Nonverbal signals include what?

Facial expressions, grunts, and eye contact.

A prediction or belief that leads to its own outcome is called what?

A self-fulfilling prophecy

Because of own-race bias, eyewitness accounts are more reliable for identifying suspects from another race.

False – own-race bias actually makes us less accurate with other-race faces.

When parties realize they can “enlarge the pie” in conflict, this is which problem-solving method?

Collaborating

When someone holds flags to spell a message letter by letter, this is called what?

Semaphore code

Gottman’s four “horsemen of the apocalypse” in relationships are what?

Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling

To maintain a healthy self-concept, what must be true?

Our self-concept should be flexible over time to reflect physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual changes.

Who said “The word is not the thing”?

Korzybski

More than half the time, turning points in relationships inspire what?

Partners to escalate their relationship.

A positive first impression that distorts later ratings in an interview is called what?

Halo effect

Interdependence plays a role as a source of conflict.

True – conflict occurs between interdependent parties.

Language and gestures with special meanings only group members understand is called what?

Restricted code

As a listener, you are a participant but a passive one.

False – effective listening is active, not passive.

What percentage of employees who rated their managers as good listeners were satisfied with their jobs?

91%