CH. reproductive system

What two things are primary sex organs (gonads) responsible for producing?

• gametes (sex cells)

• steroid sex hormones

What kind of structures make up accessory reproductive organs?

ducts, glands, external genitalia

What is the chromosome count/cell set type of somatic cells?

2 sets of 23 chromosomes = 46 total

diploid

What is the chromosome count/cell set type of sex cells?

1 set of 23 chromosomes

haploid

Somatic cells replicate via?

mitosis

Gamete cells replicate via?

meiosis

Mitosis begins with what kind of cell? how many total chromosomes?

1 diploid cell

2 sets of 23 = 46 chromosomes

Meiosis begins with what kind of cell? how many total chromosomes?

1 diploid cell

2 sets of 23 = 46 chromosomes

How does mitosis differ from meiosis in prophase?

in meiosis, the duplicated chromosome pairs cross over

What is the end result of one PMAT cycle in meiosis vs mitosis?

mitosis: 2 diploid cells (46 chromosomes each)

meiosis: 2 haploid cells (23 chromosomes each)

What does a complete meiosis cycle result in?

four haploid cells

23 chromosomes each

What are the gonads on M + W?

testes

ovaries

What is the purpose of the adapted location of the testes?

Sperm requires a cooler environment to be produced

What structure is responsible for raising and lowering the testes?

cremaster muscle

What structure is meant to provide external thermoregulation to the testes?

dartos muscle

What structure acts as a countercurrent heat exchange system draining blood from the testes?

paminiform venous plexus

visceral layer of connective tissue dividing testes into lobules

tunica albuginea

Where in the testes is sperm made?

seminiferous tubules

What testis cells produce testosterone?

interstitial (leydig)

What testis cells ultimately develop into mature spermatozoa?

germ

What testis cells produce inhibin?

sustenacular/sertoli

Where does sperm mature?

epididymis

Upon being produced in the seminiferous tubules, trace the pathway of spermatozoa out of the body (6 steps)

seminiferous tubules → rete testis → efferent ductule → duct of epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

Identify A

efferent ductule

Identify B

rete testes

Identify C

seminiferous tubules

Identify D

vas deferens

Identify E

duct of epididymis

This structure connects the rete testes to the epididymis

efferent ductules

What two structures join to form the ejaculatory duct?

• ampulla of vas deferens

• seminal gland

What structure does the ejaculatory duct pass through?

prostate

From the convergence of the vas deferens + seminal gland, trace pathway of sperm out of the body (all parts of urethra)

ejaculatory duct → prostatic urethra → membranous urethra → spongy urethra

Identify 15

spongy urethra

Identify 11

prostatic urethra

Identify 12

membranous urethra

Male copulatory organ?

penis

Identify 4

glans penis

Identify 13

corpus cavernosum

Identify 14

corpus spongiosum

Erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra

corpus spongiosum

More rigid erectile tissue running side by side along top of penile shaft

corpus cavernosum

What are the 3 accessory glands of male reproductive system?

seminal gland

prostate

bulbourethral gland

What gland produces majority of semen?

seminal gland

What three secretions from seminal glands contribute to semen?

• fructose

• citric acid

• coagulating enzyme

What accessory gland of the male reproductive system secretes calcium, citrate, and clotting enzyme?

prostate

The secretions from the seminal glands provide what purpose to the sperm?

providing energy, making more motile

The secretions from the prostate gland provide what purpose to the sperm?

activating sperm

The secretions from the bulbourethral glands provide what purpose to the sperm?

neutralizes acidic semen substances

Relaxin + other enzymes in sperm have what function upon sperm?

enhance motility

What is the function of prostaglandins in semen?

decrease the viscosity of mucus in cervix

What branch of the ANS controls erection?

parasympathetic

What branch of the ANS controls ejaculation?

sympathetic

What does nitric oxide do to blood vessels?

dilates blood vessels, allows penis to fill with blood

How does erection affect HR, BP and RR

increases all

Process in which the accessory glands empty their contents into the urethra

emission

process in which urethral bladder constricts + semen expels

expulsion

Process of sperm cell/gamete formation

spermatogenesis

When does spermatogenesis begin?

puberty

Type A + type B daughter cells of spermatogonia (stem cells) are formed through what replication process?

mitosis

What type of daughter cell follows into meiosis + gives rise to a sperm cell?

type B

What happens to type A daughter cells?

remain in basal lamina/stem cell replication pool

What type of daughter cell becomes a primary spermatocyte?

type B

Upon first PMAT cycle in meiosis, what does the initial primary spermatocyte result in?

2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

After second PMAT cycle in meiosis, what is end result in spermatogenesis?

4 spermatids

Process in which immature spermatids become motile spermatozoa

spermiogenesis

What part of a sperm contain nucleus + chromosomal material?

head

Helmetlike tip of sperm with enzymes that help to penetrate an egg

acrosome

The midpiece of a sperm contain what organelles?

mitochondria

The hypothalamus releases _____ onto the anterior pituitary gland

GnRH

GnRH causes anterior pituitary to release _____ and _____?

FSH

LH

What effect does FSH have on sertoli cells? ultimatley causing what?

stimulates them to release ABP → stimulates spermatogenesis

Where does FSH act on? (male)

sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules

Where does LH act on? (male)

leydig cells

What effect does LH have on leydig cells? (male)

causes the secretion of testosterone

Negative feedback on hypothalamus + anterior pituitary is caused by secretion of what 2 substances from where? (male)

inhibin - sertoli cells

testosterone - leydig cells

What male hormone leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics + prompts spermatogenesis?

testosterone

At what stage of life is there a high spike of testosterone?

prenatal development

When does testosterone peak in the lifecycle?

puberty

Female gonads?

ovaries

Identify N

greater vestibular gland

Identify C

ovary

Identify A

uterine tube

Identify D

uterus

Identify L

vagina

Identify M

labia majora

Identify K

labia minora

Identify I

clitoris

What are the two functions of the ovaries?

• produce oocytes

• produce sex hormones

What is the outermost layer of the ovaries, made of dense CT, “female scrotum”

tunica albuginea

What structure/layer of the ovaries houses the forming gametes/oocytes?

cortex

What layer of the ovaries contains the blood vessels?

medulla

Where are the follicles of the ovaries located?

cortex

Ovarian cell with only single layer of cells, early stage

follicular cell

Ovarian cell with multiple layers, help with oocyte maturation

granulosa cell

The structure of the corpus luteum arises during what event?

ovulation

The corpus luteum secretes

progesterone

Trace the divisions of the uterine tube from ovary to uterus

fimbriae → infindibulum → ampulla → isthmus

What female structure is meant to nourish the zygote functionally?

uterus

What are the 3 layers that compose the wall of the uterus superficial → deep

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium

Where does fertilization of an oocyte usually occur?

ampulla of ovarian tubes