UNIT 5 - chemical bonding (reading test pt1)

in a chemical bond, the link between atoms results from the attraction between electrons and

nuclei

a single covalent bond consists of

a shared electron pair

if two covalently bonded atoms are identical, the bond is identified as

nonpolar covalent

a covalent bond in which there is an unequal attraction for the shared electrons is

polar

atoms with a strong attraction for electrons they share with another atom exhibit

high electronegativity

bonds with 5% and 50% ionic character are considered to be

polar covalent

a nonpolar covalent bond is most likely to exist between

two identical nonmetallic atoms

the greater the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms, the greater the percentage of

ionic character

the electrons involved in the formation of a chemical bond are called

valence electrons

a chemical bond forming from electrostatic attraction between positive ions and negative ions is a what bond

ionic bond

bond formation is always

an exothermic process

when an atom of one element combines chemically with an atom of another element, both atoms usually attain the stable highest-energy-level configuration of a

noble gas

to draw the electron-dot symbols for each atom in a Lewis structure one must know the

number of valence electrons in each atom

the bonds with polyatomic ions are predominantly

covalent

the chemical formula for an ionic compound represents the

simplest ratio of the combined ions they give neutrality

in a crystal of an ionic compound, each cation is surrounded of

anions

compared to the neutral atoms involved in its formation, the crystal lattice results in

lower potential energy

at room temperature, most ionic compounds will be

solids

in an ionic compound, the orderly arrangement of ions in a crystal state of the what potential energy

lowest potential energy

what type of energy is released when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from its ions in the gaseous state

lattice energy

the property of metallic luster is most closely related to the metal's

electron sea

what bond is a type of chemical bond that results from the attraction between positive ions surrounding mobile electrons

metallic bond

what is the ability to be shaped or extended by physical pressure

malleability

metals are referred to _, which means shiny

lustrous

chemical bond

the force that pulls the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together

electronegativity

the measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons to itself

ionic bond

the attraction between oppositely charged ions

formula unit

the simplest collection of atoms from which an ionic compound's formula can be established

lattice energy

the energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions

covalent bonds

bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms by sharing electrons

non-polar covalent

equal attraction and sharing of electrons

polar covalent

one atom has a stronger attraction and has unequal sharing of electrons

bonds from when the bonded atoms are at their

lowest potential energy, and energy is released when bonds form

bond energy

the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms

bond length

the average distance between two bonded atoms (minimum potential energy)

octet rule

atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

properties of covalent bonds

-tends to be liquids or gases

-low melting or boiling point

-poor conductors

metallic bonds

a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them

properties of metals

Conductivity, malleability, ductility, and luster.

malleability

the ability to be shaped by physical force

ductility

the ability of a substance to be drawn or pulled to produce a wire

properties of ionic compounds

-crystalline solids

-high belting and boiling points

-brittle solids

-conductive of electric current in molten state ir when dissolved in water

What type of bond results from the attraction between positive ions and a surrounding 'sea' of mobile electrons?

Metallic bond

Which type of bond typically forms between a metal and a nonmetal?

Ionic bond

What type of bond involves an unequal attraction for the shared electrons?

Polar covalent bond

What type of bond forms between atoms with zero electronegativity difference?

Nonpolar covalent bond

What type of bonds do substances have that are ductile and malleable?

Metallic bonds

What type of bonds do diatomic molecules, such as Cl2 and O2, have? (identical)

Nonpolar covalent bonds

What type of bond uses electrostatic forces of attraction to hold the compound together in the form of a crystal?

Ionic bond

What type of bond holds the oxygen and hydrogen atoms together within a water molecule?

Polar covalent bond

What do formula units represent in chemistry?

ionic compounds

What type of bonds are present within the polyatomic ion OH?

Polar covalent bonds

Compounds with what binds tend to be solids at room temperature?

Ionic bonds

What bonds would form between carbon and oxygen atoms?

Polar covalent

The electrons in what bonds are described as being delocalized>

Metallic bonds

0-0.3

nonpolar colavent

0.3-1.7

polar covalent

1.7-3.3

ionic

polarity

unequal charge distribution across a molecule due to unequal sharing of electrons

dipole

created by equal but opposite charges that are separated by a short distance

intermolecular forces

forces of attraction between molecules (weaker compared to covalent bonds)

london dispersion force

the only type of intermolecular forces found between non-polar substances