Chapter 12- Psychology Openstax

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/59

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

60 Terms

1
New cards

altruism

humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

2
New cards

companionate love

type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships

3
New cards

consummate love

type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present

4
New cards

empathy

capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels

5
New cards

homophily

tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar

6
New cards

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

7
New cards

reciprocity

give and take in relationships

8
New cards

romantic love

type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment

9
New cards

self-disclosure

sharing personal information in relationships

10
New cards

social exchange theory

humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs

11
New cards

triangular theory of love

model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components

12
New cards

actor-observer bias

phenomenon explaining other people's behaviors due to internal factors and our own behaviors due to situational forces

13
New cards

attribution

explanation for the behavior of other people

14
New cards

collectivist culture

culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community

15
New cards

dispositionism

our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament

16
New cards

fundamental attribution error

tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation

17
New cards

individualistic culture

culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy

18
New cards

internal factor

internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament

19
New cards

just-world hypothesis

ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

20
New cards

self-serving bias

tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes

21
New cards

situationism

perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings

22
New cards

social psychology

field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation

23
New cards

script

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

24
New cards

social norm

group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members

25
New cards

social role

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

26
New cards

Stanford Prison Experiment

Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts

27
New cards

attitude

evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative

28
New cards

cognitive dissonance

psychological discomfort from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception

29
New cards

foot-in-the-door technique

encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item

30
New cards

persuasion

process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication

31
New cards

Asch effect

group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate

32
New cards

confederate

person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design

33
New cards

conformity

when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group

34
New cards

group polarization

strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group

35
New cards

groupthink

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

36
New cards

informational social influence

conformity to a group norm due to the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information

37
New cards

normative social influence

conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group

38
New cards

obedience

change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences

39
New cards

social facilitation

improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone

40
New cards

social loafing

exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks

41
New cards

ageism

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age

42
New cards

confirmation bias

seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

43
New cards

discrimination

negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group

44
New cards

homophobia

prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation

45
New cards

in-group

group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

46
New cards

in-group bias

preference for our own group over other groups

47
New cards

out-group

group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us

48
New cards

prejudice

negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group

49
New cards

racism

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race

50
New cards

scapegoating

blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

51
New cards

self-fulfilling prophecy

treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs

52
New cards

sexism

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex

53
New cards

stereotype

specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

54
New cards

aggression

seeking to cause harm or pain to another person

55
New cards

bullying

a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time

56
New cards

bystander effect

situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

57
New cards

cyberbullying

repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online

58
New cards

diffusion of responsibility

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

59
New cards

hostile aggression

aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

60
New cards

instrumental aggression

aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain