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altruism
humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
companionate love
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships
consummate love
type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present
empathy
capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels
homophily
tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar
prosocial behavior
voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
reciprocity
give and take in relationships
romantic love
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment
self-disclosure
sharing personal information in relationships
social exchange theory
humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs
triangular theory of love
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
actor-observer bias
phenomenon explaining other people's behaviors due to internal factors and our own behaviors due to situational forces
attribution
explanation for the behavior of other people
collectivist culture
culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community
dispositionism
our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament
fundamental attribution error
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation
individualistic culture
culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy
internal factor
internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament
just-world hypothesis
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
self-serving bias
tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes
situationism
perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings
social psychology
field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation
script
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
social norm
group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members
social role
socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
attitude
evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative
cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception
foot-in-the-door technique
encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item
persuasion
process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication
Asch effect
group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate
confederate
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
conformity
when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group
group polarization
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
groupthink
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
informational social influence
conformity to a group norm due to the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
normative social influence
conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
obedience
change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences
social facilitation
improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone
social loafing
exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks
ageism
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
confirmation bias
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
discrimination
negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group
homophobia
prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
in-group
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
in-group bias
preference for our own group over other groups
out-group
group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us
prejudice
negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group
racism
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race
scapegoating
blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
self-fulfilling prophecy
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs
sexism
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex
stereotype
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
aggression
seeking to cause harm or pain to another person
bullying
a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time
bystander effect
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
cyberbullying
repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online
diffusion of responsibility
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
hostile aggression
aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
instrumental aggression
aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain