Solids, Liquids and gases

How to determine the density of a regular object?

1. Measure the mass using a mass balance

2. Measure the lengths using a ruler and x together

3. Repeat measures and take an average recording

4. Use the equation p=m/v

How to determine the density of an irregular object?

1. Place the object on a digital balance and note down its mass

2. Fill the eureka can with water up to a point just below the spout

3. Place an empty measuring cylinder below its spout

4. Carefully lower the object into the eureka can

5. Measure the volume of the displaced water in the measuring cylinder

6. Repeat these measurements and take an average before calculating the density

What is gas pressure?

1. Particles have kinetic energy

2. In random directions

3. Colliding with the walls which exerts a force

4. P = F/A

Describe particle arrangements of a solid, liquid and gas

Solid - Particles are arranged in ordered rows

Liquid - Particles are touching but randomly ordered

Gas - Particles are far apart and are randomly ordered

Describe particle motion of a solid, liquid and gas

Solid - Particles vibrate about a fixed position

Liquid - Particles move in random directions but are still touching

Gas - Particles move rapidly in random directions

Definition of Specific heat capacity

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 °C per kilogram of mass (J/kg °C)

Specific heat capacity practical

1. Heat up object in boiling water

2. Measure temperature of cold water beaker

3. Transfer the block to the cold water beaker

4. Measure maximum temperature reached

5. Calculate the temperature rise by etc.

6. Use mass balance to measure mass

7. find mass of water by subtracting

8. Calculate energy gained by water using equation

9. This is equal to the energy lost by aluminium

10. Therefore find specific heat capacity

What is absolute zero?

0 Kelvin, no net movement in particles

How is kinetic energy of a gas and its Kelvin temperature related?

Higher kinetic energy as their temperature increass