1306 Baylor Bio Final Review-Harvil Diagram | Quizlet

Osmoregulation

how animals regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water

Excretion

how animals get rid of the nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism

Why are nitrogeneous wastes associated with nucleic acids and proteins, but not with lipids or carbohydrates?

nucleic acids and proteins are made up of nitrogeneous bases

Explain water movement in an isoosmotic condition

not net movement, it continually moves across membrains evenly between two isoosmotic solutions across the permeable membrane

When two solutions differ in osmolarity, in which direction does water flow?

-one with greater concentration of solutes is hyperosmotic

-more dilute solution is hypoosmotic

-water flows from hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic

Osmoconformers

marine animals that do not actively adjust their internal osmolarity but are isoosmotic to their surroundings so there is no tendency to lose or gain water

Osmosregulators

an animal that must control its internal osmolarity because its body fluids are not isoosmotic with the outside environmnet, must discharge excess water or take in water depending on environmnet; lives in habitats unsuitable for osmoconformers

Why do many organisms have a body fluid composition adapted to the salinity of their environment?

that's the environment they are adapted to

Explain why an albatross can consistently drink seawater and still maintain homeostasis, but humans cannot.

Transport epithelium filters salts out of the bloodstream to nasal passages; nasal glands are constantly secreting, countercurrent exchange allows for more salf to be filtered out

Animals excrete nitrogeneous wastes as

urea, ammonia, uric acid

Ammonia

most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes, ammonia readily diffuses to environments with lost of water

Urea

mammals, most amphibians, sharks and some bony fishes; has lower toxicity and requires less water than ammonia; produced in live, moves to kidneys; does require energy use

Uric Acid

many reptiles (bird) insects, land snails; realtively non toxic can be excreted as a semi-solid paste with very little water loss, very energetically expensive

Why do many egg-laying animals secrete uric acid as their waste product?

soluable nitrogenious wastes would be trapped in an egg, so uric acid conveyed a selective advantage because it precipitates out of solution and can be stored within an egg as a harmless solid

Protonephridia

network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings with flame bulbs; flatworms, larvae of mollusks

Metanephridia

internal openings that collect body fluids and secrete them to the bladder; earthworms

Malpighian Tubules

remove nitrogeneous wastes and functions in osmoregulators; insects

Kidneys

built in tubules that function in osmoregulation and excretion; hagfishes

Nephron

the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney

What is the key function of juxtamedullary nephrons?

water conservation

Explain where and how filtration occurs.

Filtration occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerus into the lumen of the Bowman's capsule, which causes capillaries to become moree porous, allowing for filtration of bloos

What does filtrate contain?

contains salts, glucose, amino acis, vitamins, and water

Explain the overall concept of the two-solute model for water conservation

NaCL and Urea diffuse into the interstitial fluid ; as the filtrate flows in the collecting duct past interstitial fluid, more water moves out of the duct by osmosis, thereby concentrating the solutes that are left behind in the filtrate

Why does the kidney expend great energy to maintain this gradient?

NaCL has to be actively transported into the interstitial fluid

What is a countercurrent multiplier system?

a system which expends energy to create concentration gradients; involves loop of Henle which keeps NaCL gradients in the kidney, allowing the kidney to make urine

Explain the rold of ADH in maintaing blood osmolarity

amplifies water reabsorption

How does alcohol effect ADH?

inhibits the release of ADH

What is the relationship between renin and angiotensin II?

raises blood pressure, by contricting arteriols, decrease blood flow, lowers H2O and NaCl reabsorption in the kidneys

Why are drugs that inhibit ACE used to treat hypertension

lowers blood pressure by inhibiting the production of angiontensin

What if I ate salty food?

drink more water, increase production of ADH and increase reabsorption rate

LIst and order filtrates move through your system.

Bowmans Capsule, Proximal Tubules, Henle Loop, Distal Tubules

If you decrease blood pressure leading into arteriols of Bowman's capsule how would it effect the rate of filtrations

it would decrease because it slows the rate down

Where is urea synthesized?

the liver

If I were an organism that excreted uric acid what are some of my benefits?

water conservaiton and help with eggs

What is the main H2O conservation adaptations for birds?

getting rid of nitrogeneous wastes

Loop of Henle, difference what does length have to do withh what your excreting and where you live?

longer- desert- uric acid (reptiles and birds)

short- rainforest- less concentrated urine (mammals and amphibians)

What is the diagram above representative of?

The Eudicot root

TERM

Epidermis

DEFINITION

A single layer of cuticle-free cells covering the root, root hairs are prominent here.

TERM

Cortex

DEFINITION

The region between the vascular tissue and epidermis

TERM

Endodermis

DEFINITION

The innermost layer of the cortex., one cell thick that forms a boundary with the vascular cylinder.

TERM

Vascular Cylinder

DEFINITION

A cylinder containing the xylem, phloem and the endodermis that regulates passage of substances

TERM

Pericycle

DEFINITION

A cell layer that surrounds the xylem and phloem, on the inside

TERM

Xylem

DEFINITION

The starlike tissue in the vascular cylinder that conducts water and dissolved minerals upwards from the roots to the shoots

TERM

Phloem

DEFINITION

The tissue to the outside of the star-shaped xylem that transport sugars from the leaves to where they are needed or stored (normally the roots or sites of growth)

What is inside the vascular cylinder of eudicots?

The endodermis, the peridermis, the xylem, and the phloem

What makes the monocot root cross section different from the eudicot?

In there vascular cylinder they have a core of parenchyma cells, then alternating rings of xylem and phloem. They are much more spread out than the dicot roots are.

What Does the eudicot stem have that the monocot stem does not?

A ring of vascular bundles (the monocot has vascular bundles as well but they are not in a ring), a cortex and pith, ground tissue that connects pith to cortex, and sclerenchyma (fiber cells)

In the eudicot the pith and the cortex together make up the

ground tissue system

In the monocot what makes up the ground tissue system?

the inside ground tissue

What does it mean for an animal to be a regulator?

It means for an environmental variable it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation. Ex: seal

What does it mean for an animal to be a conformer?

It means that they allow their internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the particular variable. Ex: Large mouth bass

Homeostasis means

The maintenance of internal balance, a steady state even when external environment changes significantly. Ex: humans maintaing the same internal temperature

What is the set point (in regards to homeostasis?)

a particular value that an organism is trying to maintain.

What is a fluctuation either high or low of the set point? (in regards to homeostasis)

a stimulus

What is the stimulus detected by? (in regards to homeostasis)

A sensor

What is a response? (in regards to homeostasis)

It is a physiological activity, triggered by the control system, to help return the variable to a set point.

What is negative feedback?

A control mechanism that damps its stimulus, the end product slows the process, a change of variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. Ex: sweating when you are hot

Fluctations in homeostasis are greater when something has a ________ rather than a set point

normal range

What is positive feedback?

It is a control mechanism that amplifies the stimulus. These help drive processes to completion, like in child birth

What is the circadian rhythm and what is it an example of?

It is a set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours, it is an example in alterations in homeostasis, a regulated change.

What is acclimatization? What makes it different from adaptation?

It is an animals physiological adjustment to changes in its external environment. Ex: More alkaline urine, to regulate pH when you are traveling at high altitudes. This is NOT adaptation though, it is temporary.

What is thermoregulation?

The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.

What is endothermic?

It means that an animals heat is generated by metabolism. Ex: Humans and other mammals.

What is ectothermic?

It means that an animal gains its heat from external sources.

What kind of thermoregulators adjust their body temperature by behavioral means, like seeking out shade or basking in the sun

ectotherms

Who has to eat more endoderms or ectoderms? Who is more sensititive to internal temperature fluctations?

Endoderms, and endoderms

Are endothermic and ectothermic thermoregualtion techniques mutually exclusive?

No, think of a cat warming itself up by a window.

What does it mean for an animals to be a poikilotherm?

Their body temperature varies with their environment

What does it mean for an animal to be a homeotherm

There body temperature is relatively constant.

Are poikotherms always ectoderms?

No

Are hoemotherms always endoderms?

No

The exchange of heat with the environment can be by 4 processes

Radiation, evaporation, convection and conduction

What is convection?

It is the transfer of heat by the air or liquid past a surface, when a breeze contributes to heat loss from a lizards skin or when blood moves heat from the body core to the extremities

What is conduction?

It is the direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between an object and the what is touching (like the heating of a lizard when it sits on a warm rock)

What is evaporation?

The removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is loosing some molecules to gas, like evaporation of water from wet hands has a cooling effect.

What is radiation?

It is the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero. Here a lizard absorbs heat radiating from the direct sun and radiates a smaller amount of energy to the surrounding air.

What is the integumentary system and how does it relate to homeostasis?

It is the outer covering of the body, consisting of the skin, hair and nails. It is involved in lots of the mechanisms of thermoregulation.

What is insulation?

A adaptation for thermoregulation that reduces the flow of heat between an animals body and its environment. Examples are hair and feathers as well as adipose tissue

What animals use blubber as an insulation mechanism

Marine mammals like whales and walruses

How are circulatory adaptations used for thermoregulation

They are used by regulating the extent of blood flow near the body surface or trapping the heat within the body core

Does vasodilation increase or decrease temperature

increase

Does vasoconstriction normally increase or decrease temperature?

Decrease

What is countercurrent exchange

This is the transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions. Heat exchange occurs between arteries and veins.

If the environmental temperature is above the body temperature what is the only thing that can keep the body temp from rising?

evaporation

Water absorbes a significant amount of __________ when it is evaporating by way of ______

heat, water vapor

Sweat glands are an example of

Thermoregulation through evaporation

Many ectoderms use ____________ responses to regulate temperature, things like bathing when hot or orientating themselves towards heat surfaces

behavioral

Endoderms can vary heat production ____________ to match changing rates of ___________

thermogenesis, heat loss

Shivering helps increase ______

Thermogenesis

In some mammals, endocrine responses to the cold tell mitochondria to ________, its called

Increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of energy. Nonshivering thermogenesis.

What type of tissue is specialized for heat production? Where is it found

Brown fat, its found in human infants, in animals that hibernate, to an extent in human adults.

Do animals acclimatize in regards to thermoregulation

yes-animals grow thicker coats in the winter and shed them in the summer. In ectoderms, there are adjustments at the cellular level, some enzymes have the same functions but different optimal temperatures. Ex: "antifreeze" proteins on cells of animals that live in the artic.

Where are the sensors responsible for thermoregulation are concentrated in the... What does this who process look like though?

Hypothalamus (it also controls the circadian clock)

What does a fever mean?

It means that the animal has a elevated body temperature, there is an increase in the normal range for the biological thermostat. Some ectoderms purposfully seek out warmer locations to maintain a body temperature that is elevated when they have a bacterial or viral infection.

Monocot (# of cotyledons, leaf pattern, vascular tissue pattern, root pattern, pollen grain opening(s), and petals in groups of ___)

1. One Cotyledon

2. Leaf Veins Parallel

3. Vascular Tissue Scattered

4. No Main Root

5. Pollen grain with one opening

6. Flower organs usually in x3

Eudicot (# of cotyledons, leaf pattern, vascular tissue pattern, root pattern, pollen grain opening(s), and petals in groups of ___)

1. Two Cotyledons

2. Leaf veins netlike

3. Vascular tissue in a ring shape

4. Taproot (main root)

5. Pollen grain 3 openings

6. Flower organs x4 or x5

flowers and some insects have been know to _____________ to help with pollination, give an example

Coevolve, the madagascar orchid and the proboscis

Who first thought coevolution was a thing?

Darwin

What is pollination? How does it happen

It is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, like from anther to a stigma. Pollination can happen by wind, water, or animals (birds, flies, bats, moths and butterflies, bees, and wind)

Seeds can be dispersed by water, an example of this is

the coconut