bio topic 4 : ch 5 & 6 flashcards

photosynthesis & cellular respiration

When both stages of photosynthesis have been completed, the energy of light ends up in which of the following?

When both stages of photosynthesis have been completed, the energy of light ends up in which of the following?

Sugar molecules

Photosynthesis releases the oxygen we breathe from which molecule?

water

In photosynthesis, carbon atoms from carbon dioxide end up in which molecule?

sugar

What is the source of the inorganic carbon fixed by photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide

Which of the following occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast?

The Calvin cycle

How does energy move between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

In the form of ATP and NADPH

In photosynthesis, what is the function of light-dependent reactions?

To transform light energy into chemical energy

A molecule that absorbs the energy in specific wavelengths of light is called which of the following?

A pigment

Light-dependent reactions store chemical energy in which of the following?

ATP and NADPH

What is the ultimate source of the electrons that are transferred during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

water

Excited electrons have ________ energy than non-excited electrons. Electrons in the photosystems of plants are excited by _______

• more

• light

In carbon fixation, what inorganic molecule is "fixed" to RuBP?

Carbon dioxide

What source of energy is used in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

The CO2 used in carbon fixation enters the plant through which of the following?

Stomata

How many carbon atoms make up RuBP?

5

What role does the enzyme RuBisCo play in the Calvin cycle?

Catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and RuBP

Which step of cellular respiration is responsible for making the most ATP molecules?

The electron transport chain

In fermentation, what molecule is converted to lactate (lactic acid)?

Pyruvate

What factor determines whether pyruvate is processed by cellular respiration or by fermentation?

Oxygen levels in the cells

Both cellular respiration and fermentation begin with______

• glycolysis

Where in the cell does fermentation take place? Select all that apply.

The thylakoid membrane

The mitochondrial matrix

The mitochondrial membrane

The cytosol

the cytosol

Which step of fermentation is responsible for the majority of ATP production?

Glycolysis

Which of the following compounds is NOT produced during glycolysis?

Glucose

________ of the ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration is produced via substrate-level phosphorylation.

some

Which of the following molecules carry electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transfer chain? Select all that apply.

Acetyl-CoA

NADH

Pyruvate

FADH₂

• NADH

• FADH₂

In a molecule of sugar, where is energy stored?

In high-energy electrons in molecular bonds

Energy removed from sugar molecules is transferred to the ETC by which of the following?

Electron carriers

Which stage of cellular respiration releases energy from electrons in slow, controlled steps?

The ETC

Which of the following are outputs of the aerobic respiration of sugar? Select all that apply.

Oxygen

ATP

Water

Heat

ATP

Water

Heat

Which of the following steps contribute electron carriers to oxidative phosphorylation? Select all that apply.

Pyruvate oxidation

Citric acid cycle

The electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Pyruvate oxidation

Citric acid cycle

Glycolysis

Potential energy in the form of ____________ is transformed into ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.

an electrochemical gradient

3 organisms that go through photosynthesis

1. plants

2. algae (protists)

3. certain bacteria

chemical produced via photosynthesis is stored in the ______

BONDS OF SUGAR MOLECULES

organisms that generate their own organic matter from inorganic ingredients are called _______

autotrophs

light-absorbing organelles & are the site of photosynthesis are called ________

chloroplasts

the inner membrane of the chloroplast encloses a compartment filled with ______

is the fluid between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast

stroma

suspended in the stroma are interconnected membranous sacs called ________

thylakoids

each individual “pancake” is called a ________

thylakoid

the thylakoids are concentrated in stacks called _______

grana / granum

what are the two reactants needed for photosynthesis to occur?

1. carbon dioxide (CO2)

2. water (H2O)

what are the waste products in cellular respiration?

1. carbon dioxide (CO2)

2. water (H2O)

what is NADPH?

a molecule that acts as an electron donor/carrier.

the distance between the crests of two adjacent waves is called a ______

wavelength

the full range of radiation is called the _______

electromagnetic spectrum

photons of light ________ electrons in the chlorophyll

excite

an excited electron is ______ and usually loses its excess energy and _________ to its ground state

• unstable

• falls back

new photosystems then replaces the lost electrons by extracting new ones from water, which _______

releases O2

light reactions —> produce ____ and ____, then release ____

• ATP & NADPH

• O2

the Calvin cycle constructs an energy-rich sugar molecule called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) using ______

• carbon from CO2

• energy from ATP

• high-energy electrons from NADPH

know that ATP and NADPH are used from light reactions

carbon dioxide gas enters Calvin cycle

glucose is made in Calvin cycle

where is cellular respiration taken place?

the mitochondria

when you work too hard and your body demands more oxygen, your muscles break down _______ very inefficiently and produce ________ as a by-product

• glucose

• lactic acid

_______ cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones (need others to feed)

heterotrophs

C6H12O6

glucose

plants store chemical energy via ____ then harvest this energy via _____

• photosynthesis

• cellular respiration

requires oxygen

aerobic

does not require oxygen

anaerobic

what is the basic food for all cells / a monosaccharide

glucose

what is an example of a disaccharide?

table sugar

C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂ ——> 6CO₂ + 6H₂0

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

6CO₂ + 6H₂0 ——> C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

glucose is split into 2 molecules called ____

pyruvic acid

three steps of cellular respiration

1. glycolysis

2. citric acid cycle / Krebs cycle

3. electron transport chain

the process of fermentation is ____

anaerobic

the buildup of lactic acid causes ______

muscle fatigue

both fermentation and cellular respiration start with ____

glycolysis