Ch9 - Ecology and Sustainable Development - Third Industrial Revolution

Priority areas for innovation in the “Third industrial revolution are:

new energy systems - sustainable production with reduced resource use - clean technologies and mobility - space exploration - global earth observation - industry 4.0 and artificial intelligence

Agriculture accounts for 30, 50, 70 or 80% of the global consumption of freshwater water.

70%

The share of aviation in EU Green House Gas emissions is 1, 3, 5 or 10%

3%

The share of the sector electricity production accounts for 10, 22, 27, 40% of the EU GHG emissions

27%

The share of the sector road transport accounts for 10, 20, 30, 40% of the EU GHG emissions.

20%

The share of the sector agriculture accounts for roughly 10, 20, 30, 40% of the EU GHG emissions

10%

Share of renewable energies (“carbon free” electricity) in EU electricity production is ca 30, 50, 70 or 80% (2024).

70%

Solar energy in EU: Share in electricity production 2024 is 3, 5, 8 or 10% in EU.

10%

The average effective electricity output (yield) of an on-shore wind power plant in Europe is 12, 26, 34 or 46% of the (theoretical) peak electricity output.

26%

The main direct measures to reduce green house gas emissions in production of electricity are: switch from gasoline to diesel fuel, replacement of cars with combustion engines by electric cars, reduction of fertilisers, reduction of cattle farming, switch from individual traffic to mass transport like trains, replacement of nuclear power plants by wind energy, replacement of coal power plants by photovoltaic electricity production, building off-shore wind farms.

replacement of coal power plants by photovoltaic electricity production - building offshore wind farms

Wind energy in EU: Share in electricity production 2024 is 3, 8, 19, 20% in EU.

19%

The average effective electricity output (yield) of a silicon PV-panel in Europe is 12, 26, 34 or 46% of the nominal peak electricity output.

12%

The global production of PV panels in Europe amounts to 50%, 25%, 10% or less than 5%.

less than 5%

The four technologies for production of “low carbon” electricity already in operation:

nuclear power - hydropower - wind power - solar power

The major base load/back-up power plants for future electricity production will be:

hydropower and storage hydropower - gas and coal power plants with CCS - nuclear power plants

Share of low carbon electricity production globally ca 12, 25, 40 or 60% (2024).

40%

The substitution of coal by natural gas for energy production can reduce the emissions of CO2 by 10, 20, 50 or 90%.

50% reduction

Coal fired power plants typically emit 10, 20, 100 or 800 g CO2eq per kWh electricity produced (calculated for the full life cycle of a plant).

800 g CO2eg per kWh

Hydro power plants typically emit 10, 20, 100 or 1000 g CO2eq per kWh electricity produced (calculated for the full life cycle of a plant).

20 g CO2eq per kWh

Nuclear power plants typically emit 10, 20, 100 or 1000 g CO2eq per kWh electricity produced (calculated for the full life cycle of a plant).

10 g CO2eq per kWh

On-shore wind power plants typically emit 10, 20, 100 or 1000 g CO2eq per kWh electricity produced (calculated for the full life cycle of a plant).

10 g CO2eg per kWh

Solar power plants typically emit 20, 40, 100 or 1000 g CO2eq per kWh electricity produced (calculated for the full life cycle of a plant).

40 g CO2eg per kWh

Gas power plants typically emit 10, 20, 100 or 500 g CO2eq per kWh electricity produced (calculated for the full life cycle of a plant).

500 g CO2eq per kWh

Share of nuclear energy in global electricity production is ca 9, 15, 25 or 40% (2024).

9%

The main technical measures foreseen in the EU to reduce its green house gas emissions by 55% till 2030 are reduction of primary energy use, substitution of coal and oil for heating with gas gained in the EU territory with the fracking technology, reduction of the CO2 emissions of power plants by installing carbon capture and storage technology (CCS), importing more gas from Russia, outsourcing the energy intensive production of steel and cement to countries outside the EU, increase the production of renewable energy, substitute 50% of the gasoline and diesel used in road traffic by biofuels

reduction of primary energy use - CCS for power plants - increase of renewable energy

Major practical possibilities for the use of large amounts of excess electricity:

hydro storage and other storage systems - production of green hydrogen by electrolysis - production of e-fuels

Hydrogen foreseen to replace natural gas for production of heat has a volumetric energy content which is twice as high, equal, half or merely 10% of methane

merely 10% of methane

A fuel cell uses nitrogen, CO2, hydrogen, methane, NO2, oxygen to produce electricity.

hydrogen - oxygen

Synthesis of E-fuel uses as raw materials: methane, H2O, CO2(CO), N2, H2, helium.

H2O - CO2 or CO - N2 - H2

The main direct measures to reduce green house gas emissions in the traffic sector are: switch from gasoline to diesel fuel, replacement of cars with combustion engines by electric cars, reduction of fertilisers, replacement of fossil fuel by heat pumps, reduction of cattle farming, switch from individual traffic to mass transport like trains, replacement of nuclear power plants by wind energy.

replacement of combustion engine cars by electric cars - switch to mass transport like trains

The weight of a car battery giving you a maximum driving range of 400 km is approximately 200, 500, 800 or 1.000kg.

500 kg

China’s share in the global production of batteries for electric cars is 20, 40, 60 or 80% (2024)

80%

China’s share in the global production of electric cars is 40, 50, 70 or 90% (2024).

70%

The base materials needed for Li-batteries are largely produced in Africa, North America, South-East Asia or Russia.

south east asia

The world leader in the production of electric cars is..

China

Major approaches to achieve carbon neutrality in industrial production are..

reduction of primary energy use - CCS for power plants and industry - increase of renewable or low-carbon energy use

In future carbon neutral steel production … will be used instead of coal for the reduction of the iron ore.

hydrogen

CCS stands for..

carbon capture and storage

For carbon neutral cement production the only feasible technology seems to be..

CCS

The main direct measures to reduce green house gas emissions in the sector agriculture are: switch from gasoline to diesel fuel, replacement of cars with combustion engines by electric cars, reduction of fertilisers, replacement of fossil fuel by heat pumps, reduction of cattle farming, switch from individual traffic to mass transport like trains, replacement of nuclear power plants by wind energy, replacement of coal power plants by photovoltaic electricity production, building off-shore wind farms.

reduction of fertilisers - reduction of cattle farming

First generation of biofuels (methanol/ethanol or diesel) are produced from..

sugar - cereals - plant oils

The “first generation” of biofuels uses the following raw materials: wood, sugar, paper, algae, grass, cereals, organic waste biomass, plant oils.

sugar - cereals - plant oils

Second and third generation biofuels use as raw materials wheat, palm oil, grass, cotton, algae, corn, sugar cane, rape-seed, wood, soy beans, crude oil or coal.

grass - algae - wood

Landmark events in space exploration:

sputnik 1957 - Apollo 11 moon landing 1969 - Salyut 1 space station 1971 - Vayger missions 1977 - Space Shuttle 1982 - International Space Station 1998 - Rosetta mission 2004 to 2016

The launch vehicle for space crafts allowing the reuse of the booster rocket after return to the launch site is Saturn, Arianne, SpaceX or Sojus.

SpaceX

Space missions transporting people were Sputnik, Apollo 11, Voyager, Space Shuttle, ISS.

Apollo 11 - Space Shuttle - ISS

The most important launch vehicles for satellites and space stations are called Phoenix, Saturn, Pluto, Sojus, Aphrodite, Ariane, Sputnik, SpaceX.

Saturn - Soyuz - Ariane - SpaceX

The first human made object to orbit our planet was called..

Sputnik

The first landing of people on the moon was achieved with a NASA mission called..

Apollo 11

The powerful European rocket for launching spacecrafts is called..

Ariane

The powerful mirror telescope orbiting our earth to explore the galactic evelution of our universe was called … Telescope.

Hubble

The largest infrared telescope sent to space searching for ogygen and water in galactic objects is called … Space Telscope.

Herschel

The most recent satellite launched by NASA in 2021 to search for life in space is the … telescope.

James Webb

The high resolution telescope launched by NASA in 2021 and stationed 1,5 million km away from the earth thus allowing unique images of the universe is called the … Telescope

James Webb

Share of fossil fuels in global electricity production is ca 10, 30, 60, 80% (2024).

60%

The pioneering ESA mission to Comet 67/P Churyumov-Gerasimenko was called..

Rosetta

Which of the following features apply for Rosetta: carried people to the moon, launched by NASA, launched by ESA, duration of mission 11 years, first analysis of material from Mars, detection of precursors of life on a comet, first pictures of the back-side of the moon.

launched by ESA - duration of mission 11 years - detection of precursors of life on a comet

Which of the following tasks are foreseen for the Parker sun probe: provide ESA with first- hand experience in studying the surface of the sun, make first analysis of material from Venus, measurement of electrons in solar wind close to the surface of the sun, measurement of alpha particles in solar wind, take first pictures of the back-side of the moon.

measurement of electrons in solar wind close to the sun - measurement of alpha particles in solar wind

The operational dimension of the EU GMES (Copernikus) programme covers:

land monitoring - marine services - atmospheric services - crisis management

The newly established EU earth observation system to monitor global change is called..

Copernicus

The Comprehensive Global Earth Observation System established in cooperation of EU, USA, Japan etc has the acronym..

GEOSS