Studied by 46 Peoplefundamental niche.
Tags & Description
fundamental niche.
The full potential niche of a species
realized niche
An individual that only plays part of its role due to competition or other interactions
resource partitioning
The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species
Character displacement
competing species diverge and develop different characteristics.
Predation
The process by which individuals of one species (the predators) capture, kill, and consume individuals of another (the prey).
pathogens
Parasites that cause disease are called
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
symbiosis
A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other
herbivory
interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants)
keystone species
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
trophic cascade
If top predators are lost, primary consumers will overconsume producers and alter the entire ecosystem
Introduced species
species moved by humans to new geographic areas, either intentionally or accidentally(non-native species)
invasive species
species that enter new ecosystems and multiplies, harming native species and their habitats
Demography
the application of population ecology to the study of change in human populations
Demographic transition
a model of economic and cultural change
Signs of Pre-industrial stage
High birth rate and High death rate
Signs of Post-industrial stage
Low birth rate and low death rate
Signs of industrial stage
Birth rate decline due to increase of opportunities for women and increase in use of birth control
Signs of transition stage
Death rate declines but Birth rate is still high
topsoil
Mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of soil.
soil
a system consisting of disintegrated rock, organic matter, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms.
clay size
particles are the smallest, less than 0.002 mm in diameter.
Sand size
the largest, between 0.05-2 mm in diameter.
silt size
particles fall in-between clay and sand
slash-and-burn agriculture
a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land
irrigation
The artificial provision of water beyond what is received by precipitation
Waterlogging
A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.
Inorganic fertilizers
Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels
Organic fertilizers
fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals
Land degradation
a deterioration of land that diminishes its productivity and biodiversity and impairs the functioning of its ecosystems
Soil degradation
the deterioration in quality and productivity of soil.
3 ways to make land more vulnerable to erosion
Over cultivating fields, Grazing rangeland with more livestock than it can support, and Clearing forests on steep slopes
Crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Terracing
creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.
Intercropping
An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction.
Shelterbelts
rows of trees planted as a windbreak to reduce soil erosion of agricultural land
Why is tilling bad?
Since tillage fractures the soil, it disrupts soil structure, accelerating surface runoff and soil erosion
Overgrazing
Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover
Salinization
over watering the soil dissolves salts from subsoil layers and when the water evaporates it leaves an abundance of salt on top
Monocropping
An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety
Signs of industrial farming
large-scale, intensive production of crops and animals, often involving chemical fertilizers on crops or the routine
Green Revolution
Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; was the start of industrial agriculter.
pesticide
A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.
Aquaculture
Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages. It reduces fishing pressure on wild stocks. Saves fossil fuels.
Why is are pesticides getter stronger?
Pesticides don't kill all pest and some survive and then breed producing a stronger more resistant pest and needs stronger chemicals.
Cons of aquaculture
density of animals increases disease. Shrimp farming destroys mangroves. Pollution. Lots of fish waste
Why is crop diversity important?
Insurance against monoculture fail. If there are genetic variations then one disease will not kill every plant.
biological control
A method of pest control that involves the use of naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests
CAFO
Concentrated animal feeding operation - aka Factory farms