Until 2 test bio

Tissues

Group of cells that are working together for a specific purpose

What are the 4 main types of tissues in the body?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Squamous

Thin, flattened cells

A type of epithelial tissue

Cuboidal

Cubelike, cells

A type of epithelial tissue

Columnar

Elongated cells

A type of epithelial tissue

Simple

Single layer of cells

Stratified

Two or more layers of cells

Striated Muscle

Muscle tissue that look striped

In skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

Fibroblast

A type of connective tissue

most common fixed cells, large star-shaped cell; produce fibers by secreting proteins into matrix

Mast cells

A type of connective tissue

Near blood vessels; release heparin and histamine (inflammatory chemicals)

Macrophage

White blood cells; can move about; phagocytosis (cells eats large particles like bacteria, foreign substances, or dead cells)

A type of connective tissue

Heparin

fast-acting medication used to prevent and treat blood clots (blood thinner)

Histamine

released by mast cells in response to allergens and promotes inflammation

Collagen

an abundant protein source in the body and provides structural support and elasticity to connective tissues (skin, bones, tendons, ligament)

fibrosis

replacement of destroyed tissue with fibrous scar tissue

Regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue

Epithelial membrane

Comes in 3 types:

• Serous

• Mucus

• Cutaneous

Serous Membrane

Lines body cavities

Made of epithelial and loose connective tissues

Lubcricates membrane surfaces

Mucus Membrane

Lines cavities and tubes opening to the outside

Made of epithelial and loose connective tissues

Secrete mucus

Cutaneous Membrane

External body covering called skin

Neurons

Senses change and response by transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons or muscles and glands

fibrocartilage

very tough tissues; contains many collagenous fibers; shock absorber

Adipose tissue

Stores fat
Cushions and insulates

Hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage

Ex,) Ends of bones (joints), soft part of nose

Elastic cartilage

Flexible; contains elastic fibers

Ex.) external ear

elastin

a protein that provides elasticity and flexibility to various tissues in the body

desmosomes

rivets, “spot welds” reinforce structural unit
ex. skin

Merocrine gland

release fluid products by exocytosis

ex. Salivary glands & sweat glands

Apocrine glands

lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion
ex. Mammary gland

Holocrine Glands

release entire cells (which later disintegrate)
Sebaceous glands in skin

microvilli

tiny, fingerlike projections that increase surface area for absorption (small intestine)

Goblet cells

secret mucus

Basement membrane

provides a framework for cells to adhere to and maintain their shape. secured to connective tissue

Tight junctions

Membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse
ex. digestive tissue

Gap junctions

channels, link cytoplasm between cells

ex: heart muscle

Neuroglial cells

supporting cells that support, bind, supply nutrients, cell-cell communications

Inflammatory response

Mast cells release inflammatory chemicals

Capillaries dilate & become permeable

Swelling, heat, and redness make environment inhospitable to bacteria and viruses

White blood cells & plasma fluid containing clotting proteins & antibodies seep into area

Clotting proteins construct clot to stop blood loss, stabilize edges of wound & seal area

Area cleaned up by lymphatic vessels & macrophages (destroy extra, damaged and unwanted cells)

Immune Response

Resistance to a particular pathogen or toxin

Based on ability to distinguish foreign cells (non-self)

Cells recognize invaders and begin defending body

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

a non-cellular network of proteins and polysaccharides that surrounds and supports cells in tissues and organs

Axon

a long, slender projection of a nerve cell (neuron) that conducts electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the neuron's cell body

Granulation Tissue

new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surface of a wound during the healing process, is formed.

Tissue engineering

Use of cells, engineering materials, and biochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions in an effort to advance medicine.

Synovial membranes

lining joints made entirely of connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

Which tissue is widespread throughout the body?

Epithelial tissue

Which tissue covers the organs?

Epithelial tissue

Which tissue forms inner lining of body cavities?

Epithelial tissue

Which tissues lines hollow organs?

Whats a carcinoma?

growths that originate in the epithelium

What are some characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Lacks blood vessels

Nutrients diffuse from connective tissue

Readily divide (skin cells, stomach lining cells)

Tightly packed (provides protective barriers)

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Common site of diffusion

Lines air sacs of lungs (O2/CO2 exchange)

Walls of capillaries

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Secretion (as in salivary glands)

Covers ovaries, kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Mainly protects

Has microvilli

Has goblet cells

Ciliated

in the female reproductive tubes

Nonciliated

in the uterus and digestive tract

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

nuclei are at 2 levels

May have cilia to move mucus

Lines respiratory system

Transitional Epithelium

Changes in response to tension

Inner lining of bladder that prevents contents from diffusing back

Glandular Epithelium

Has glands, exocrine glands, endocrine gland

Glands

cells that are specialized to secrete substances into ducts and bodily fluids

Exocrine gland

secrete products into ducts that open into internal/external surface

Endocrine gland

secrete products into tissue fluid or blood

What injuries stimulate tissue repair?

Inflammatory: rapid & relatively non-specific

Immune: extremely specific, but slower to activate

High capacity regeneration

epithelial, bone, blood-forming

Moderate capacity regeneration

most connective

Weak capacity regeneration

skeletal & cartilage

Little functional regeneration

cardiac & nervous

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Protections , Excretion, Absorption, Secretion

What cells are in blood?

red cells, white cells, and platelets in plasma

What does loose Connective Tissue do?

Binds to skin
Fills in spaces between muscles

Reticular Connective Tissue

Found in the walls of internal organs

intracellular junctions

What are tissues joined with?

Characteristics of connective tissue?

Most abundant tissue type by weight

Good blood supply; well-nourished

Cells farther apart with matrix (intercellular material) between them

Collagenous fibers

thick threads of collagen

major structural protein in body

found in ligaments (bone:bone) & tendons (muscle:bone)

Elastic fibers

bundles of thin fibers of elastin

stretch easily

found in vocal cords, air passages

Reticular fibers

thin collagenous

supporting networks

Dense Connective Tissue

Tendons & ligaments (poor blood flow)

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

Site of energy production

Generates body heat

Allows for movement

Skeletal Muscle

Attaches to bones; voluntary muscles

Contract when stimulated by nerve impulses

Long threadlike cells, striated with many nuclei

Facial expressions, write, talk…

Smooth Muscle

Walls of hollow internal organs

Shorter cells, single/central nucleus

Involuntarily controlled

Cardiac Muscle

Only in the heart

Branched cells, striated, single nucleus

Involuntarily controlled

Simple squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Transitional Epithelium

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Loose connective tissue

adipose tissue

Reticular Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue

elastic connective tissue

bone

blood

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

neuroglial cells

neuron