AP WORLD HISTORY - unit 4 exam

Which countries came to dominate maritime exploration in the Early Modern era?

Portugal became a key player in maritime exploration - they were seweching for fresh resources and new land.

Spain was also bery influencial in maritime exploration. English and dutch follow the portugese

How did exploration affect global trade?

Maritime trade routes to markets of Asia developed, new products become available in Asia and Europe.

African gold, ivory, and slaves printed development of African trade routes.

Development of tasing post empires

How did exploration affect the economic and political environment of countries involved ?

The countries that participated in trade (Europe, Asia, India, Africa) began to gain lots of wealth. But also became involved w/ commercial rivalries which = seven years war

Increased reach of countries = conquering and new land acquired for many empires

Missionary efforts = violent expansions of Christianity too Palestine, Mediterranean Islands, and Iberia.

Exploration also furthered spread of tech ( ships,sails,navigational instruments, wind/currents knowledge).

Population growth because new crops

What was Martin Luther's main complaint against Catholic Church? What was his alternative proposal?

He attacked the sale of indulgences (preferential pardons for donors), and other policies of Roman Church.

Wrote 95 theses

Advocated closure of monasteries, translation of Bible, end priestly authority, authority of pope.

What skill did many Europeans learn as a byproduct of Luther's efforts ?

MLKs ideas spread through Germany and switzerland, taught europeans to examine institutions like the church and to protest if not satisfied

-What was happening throughout Europe

during the time of Martin Luther that was

similar to his movement?

Protestant reformation of the church was happening at the same time as martin luther king spread his ideas. The protestants had similar views as mlk and therefore the followers of both agreed with eachothers ideas

-How did the Protestant Reformation affect

regional princes in Europe and their

relationship with the Church?

German princes were interested in the reformation of the church because there were opportunities for assertion of local control for them. Princes supported mlk because of personal conviction but also because religious controversy offered opportunities for them to build their own power bases

-How did the Columbian exchange impact

Europe and Africa positively and negatively?

Positively - trade brought new goods, ideas, wealth (from america).

an increased food supply = upped population

Negatively - Introduction of diseases (ex: smallpox), spread of slave trade = bad

slave trade depleated local african communities populations

-How would you characterize the cultures

and religious traditions of slave populations

in the New World?

Slave religion and language combined element from different societies , a syncretic mixture of christianity and other african religions was created. Slave religion did not have a hierarchy of priests and other church officials The slaves most often spoke creole. Slaves introduced rice cultivation to tropical and subtropical regions they added variety to american diets. African diaspora influence the ways all peoples lived in plantation societies

Impact of slave trade in africa

Societies gained economically from slave trade, other africans were raided and taken captive .

Deprived africa of 16 million people = imbalance of men to women.

Brought turmoil to african societies.

-What was the relationship like between the

Spanish explorers and indigenous American

populations?

Spanish explorers often forced indigenous peoples to be their slaves, started with a mining for gold in the caribbean. when spanish focus shifted to mexico and peru they fought, with superior tech, with the aztecs and natives there. The sailors also brought epidemic diseases to the societies which wiped out mass numbers of people. spain began to colonize the land of the indigenous people.

What advantages did the

Spanish have?

The spanish had superior gunpowder and other military technology, with this they easily overtook indigenous peoples. Also the diseases that the spaniards brought wiped out mass numbers of the societies they encountered, leaving them vulnerable

-Why were so many slaves needed in the New

World?

Exploiting the caribbean for sugarcane production meant a massive importation of slaves was required too do the labor

-What environmental impact did plantation

societies have?

Killed native population in Caribbean, imported one slaves to work land for sugar and tabacoooooooooohhh

im so tired

i want to D IE

-How did the discovery of the Americas

impact Europe's role in foreign trade?

idk man - products developed for european markets (cash crops like tobacoo, ridem inidigo, cotton), increase demand for slaze labor. African slaves replace Uropean laborers

-How did the exploitation of resources in the

Americas affect relations between European

states?

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies, C. Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories, and joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and compete against one another in global trade. IN SHORT - THEY COMPETED FOR MOOLA AND LAND AND MORE STUFF TOO TRADE

-Which country was the first to establish

trade with West Africa, sparking the early

European slave trade?

PORTUGUESE - began slave raiding attmepts, instead just traded weapons 4 slaves :))))

-How would you describe the Middle

Passage? How did this impact West African

societies?

AFRICA 2 AMERICAS - africans captured, horrendous 4-6 week journey, lots of people die and get disease, then they arrive and begin doing slave stuff

impact - rwanda, bugunda, masai, turkana resist slave trade

benfit from slave ports

asante, dahomey, oyo also profit

-How was Africa, as a whole, affected by the

Columbian Exchange?

slave trade, slave raiding, great profits from slave trade, new crops, disorted sex ratios, more violence, more weapons, armies creted by Dahomey population growth, but actually smaller communities feel impact of slave raids AL OT!

-What role did African nobles play in the

slave trade? How were slaves supplied to

European slave traders?

Some nobles appealed to slave trade/resist raids - failed

The nobles gain wealth so they supply slaves

Triangle trade

europe goods (firearms0 to africa

african slaves sent to americas

cash crop s in america and go to europe

-What advantage did the Ottoman army have

over neighboring empires?

GUNPOWDER< Elaborate administrations, they had loyal janissaries and religous warrioe s

-Internal tension and violent conflict between

which two groups helped lead to the downfall

of the Sufavid Empire?

OTTomans VS Safavids - ottoman have gunpowder and weakend safs

MUGhal empire also have gunpoder

-What effect did the Tokugawa shogunate

have on Japanese society and culture? How

did effect Japan's foreign relations?

(stolen from olivia) They sought o lay a foundation for long term political and social stability and supported Neo-Confucian studies in order to promote traditional values.They also tightly restricted foreign influence within Japan, however demographic expansion and economic growth lead to social and cultural change and influence from Chinese and European ideas, introduced by merchants.

-Who were the samurai? What led to their

decline? How did they respond?

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