Unit 12: Chance and nature - Word formation

assess

(v) to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb/sth

ex) Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates

reassess

/ˌriːəˈses/

(v) to think again about sth to decide whether you need to change your opinion of it (xem xét lại, đánh giá lại)

ex) After reassessing the situation, she decided to do nothing.

assessment

/əˈsesmənt/

(n) an opinion or a judgement about sb/sth that has been thought very carefully (sự đánh giá, xem xét)

ex) His assessment of the problem is quite exact.

assessment

(n) the act of judging or forming an opinion about sb/sth

ex) Objective assessment of the aspects of problem is hard

=> Việc đánh giá khách quan các khái cạnh của vấn đề khó đó.

reassessment

(n) the act of rearressing (việc đánh giá, xem xét lại)

ex) She decided that a complete reassessment of her career was due.

=> Cô ấy quyết định rằng cần phải đánh giá lại toàn bộ sự nghiệp của mình.

assessor

(n) an expert in a particular subject who is asked by a court or other official group to give advice (chuyên gia đánh giá)

ex) The government appointed independent assessors to review the viability of the remaining coal mines.

=> Chính phủ chỉ định các chuyên gia đánh giá để xem xét khả năng tồn tại của các mỏ than còn lại.

causation

(n) the process of one event causing or producing another event.

ex) There is a clear causation between smoking and lung cancer.

=> Có mối quan hệ nhân quả rõ ràng giữa hút thuốc và ung thư phổi.

causal

/ˈkɔːzl/

(adj) connected with the relationship between two things, where one causes the other to happen

ex) Is there a causal relationship between violence on television and violent bahaviour?

=> casual relationship/link/etc

causative

(adj) acting as the cause of sth

=> causative factors: Smoking is a causative factor in several major diseases.

conserve

(v) to use as little of sth as possible so that it lasts a long time (natural sources)

ex) Renewable energy resources can help conserve fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions.

*Khác với preserve (giữ cho nó còn nguyên vẹn như ban đầu)

conservation

(n) the protection of the natural environment or the act of preventing sth from being lost, wasted, damaged or destroyed

ex) Are you interested in wildlife conservation

ex) energy conservation

conservation

(n) the official protection of buildings and objects that have historical or artistic importance

ex) The conservation of ancient monuments (di tích cổ).

conservationist

(n) a person who takes an active part (tham gia tích cực) in the protection of the environment (nhà bảo tồn)

ex) The conservationists are vital in recent life.

conservatism

/kənˈsɜːrvətɪzəm/

(n) the wish to resist great or sudden change (sự bảo thủ)

ex) the innate conservatism of older people

conservative

/kənˈsɜːrvətɪv/

(adj) opposed to great or sudden social change (bảo thủ)

(adj) showing that you prefer traditional styles and values (cổ hủ)

ex) The conservative views of his parents.

ex) conservative in sth: They were deeply conservative in their outlook.

conservatively

(adv) một cách bảo thủ, một cách cổ hủ

ex) I was dressed conservatively in a long brown skirt with a matching jacket.

ecology

(n) the relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment (hệ sinh thái)

ex) Ecology of coral reefs.

ecology

(n) sinh thái học

ecologist

(n) nhà sinh thái học

(n) ​a person who is interested in ecology and believes the environment should be protected

ecological

(adj) thuộc về sinh thái

ex) We risk upsetting the ecological balance of the area.

=> Chúng ta có nguy cơ làm mất đi cân bằng sinh thái khu vực

ecological

(adj) interested in and concerned about the ecological of a place

ex) a ecological movement plays an important role in conserving nature.

=> Phong trào quan tâm đến hệ sinh thái

ecologically

(adj) in a way that related to ecology or the environment.

=> ecologically friendly/sound: It’s an ecologiclly friendly (not harmful) means of transport.

ex) People are a lot more ecologically aware these days.

elusiveness

/ɪˈluːsɪvnəs/

(n) the fact of being difficult to find, define or achieve

ex) A novel about the elusiveness of personal memory

elusive

/ɪˈluːsɪv/

(adj) difficult to find, define or achieve (khó tìm, khó định nghĩa, khó giành được)

ex) The concept of love is elusive.

elude

/ɪˈluːd/

(v) lảng tránh, trốn tránh/ trốn thoát (to manage to avoid or escape from somebody/something, especially in a clever way)

ex) I hate him so i try to elude him.

elusively

(adv) ​in a way that is difficult to find, define, describe or achieve

ex) “I like him, I hate him”, she said elusively.

erupt

/ɪˈrʌpt/

(v) phun trào

ex) The volcano could erupt at any time.

eruption

(n) sự phun trào

ex) a volcanic eruption.

ex) Around the year 600, the eruption of a nearby volcano buried Ceren's buildings.

extinction

(n) sự tuyệt chủng

ex) a species threatened with extinction/in danger of extinction (bị đe dọa tuyệt chủng, có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng)

ex) The mountain gorilla is on the verge of extinction. (trên bờ vực tuyệt chủng)

extinct

(adj) tuyệt chủng

erode

/ɪˈrəʊd/

(adj) xói mòn, bào mòn

ex) The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea.

ex) erode (away): The rocks have eroded away (bị bào mòn) over time.

erosion

/ɪˈrəʊʒn/

(n) the process by which the surface of something is gradually destroyed through the action of wind, rain, etc (sự bào mòn, sự xói mòn)

ex) soil erosion

ex2) the erosion of the coastline by the sea

favour

(n) a thing that you do to help somebody (một việc)

ex) Could you do me a favour (giúp tôi một việc) and pick up Bella from school today?

ex) I'm going as a favour to Ann (như là một sự giúp đỡ đối với, not because I want to.

ex) Do yourself a favour (= help yourself) and wear a helmet on the bike.

ex) Thanks for helping me out. I'll return the favour

ex) I would never ask for any favours from her.

ex) I'll ask Steve to take it. He owes me a favour.

favouritism

/ˈfeɪvərɪtɪzəm/

(n) hành động thiên vị (because you like them better)

ex) The students accused the teacher of favouritism.

ex) She had four children but never showed any favouritism.

favourite

(adj) yêu thích

favourite

(n) a person or thing that you like more than the others of the same type

ex) favourite of somebody's: This song is a particular favourite of mine.

=> Bài hát này là bài hát tôi đặc biệt yêu thích.

ex) favourite with somebody (sự yêu thích đối với): The programme has become a firm favourite with young people.

=> Chương trình trở thành một chương trình được giới trả yêu thích

favourable

/ˈfeɪvərəbl/

(adj) tích cực, tốt

ex) She made a favourable impression on his parents.

ex) Reviews of the book have been favourable.

=> Đánh giá về cuốn sách khá tốt

unfavourable

(adj) not good and likely to cause problems or make something more difficult (không tốt, không thuận lợi)

ex) The conditions were unfavourable for agriculture.

ex) This period is quite unfavourable.

(un)favourably

(adv) tích cực, tốt (= positively)

ex) I was favourably impressed with her.

ex) He speaks very favourably of your work.

fortune

/ˈfɔːrtʃən/

(n) chance or luck, especially in the way it affects people’s lives

ex) I have had the good fortune to work with some brilliant directors.

ex) Fortune smiled on me (= I had good luck).

misfortune

/ˌmɪsˈfɔːrtʃən/ [uncountable]

(n) bad luck

ex) We had the misfortune to run into a violent storm.

=> Chúng tôi không may gặp phải cơn bão lớn.

misfortune

(n) an accident, condition or event caused by bad luck (nỗi bất hạnh)

ex) Meeting you is my misfortune

(un)fortunate

(adj) may mắn (having or bringing an advantage, an opportunity, a piece of good luck, etc)

ex) Meeting you is fortunate. You have taught me lots of vital lessons.

(un)fortunately

(adv) may mắn

ex) Fortunately, I got up on time.

ex) fortunately for sb: Fortunately for him, he was very soon offered another job.

fortuitous(ly)

/fɔːrˈtuːɪtəs/

(adj) happening by chance, especially a lucky chance that brings a good result (guessing: lucky là mình mong nó còn fortuitous là một sự may mắn tình cờ đến, chưa từng nghĩ đến)

ex) Meeting you is fortuitous. I have never expected before.

instinct

/ˈɪnstɪŋkt/

(n) bản năng

instinctive

(adj) based on, not thought or training

ex) instinctive knowledge

ex) She's an instinctive player.

intend

(v) dự định (to have a plan, result or purpose in your mind when you do something)

ex) I intend to participate in this club.

ex) The train we had originally intended (ban đầu dự định) to catch had already left.

ex) I don't think she intended me to hear the remark. (Tôi không nghĩ cô ấy định cho tôi nghe về nhận xét đó.)

ex) The company intends a slow-down in expansion. (Công ty dự định chậm lại trong việc mở rộng)

ex) He intended her no harm (= it was not his plan to harm her).

ex) It is intended that production will start next month.

intention

(n) ý định, dự định, mục tiêu

ex) He left England with the intention of travelling in Africa.

ex) I have no intention of going to the wedding.

ex) Her intentions in making this proposal are clear.

ex) I did it with the best (of) intentions (= meaning to help), but I only succeeded in annoying them.

intended

(adj) that you are trying to achieve or reach

ex) We got lost and ended up miles away from our intended destination.

ex) the intended audience

(un)intentional

(adj) cố ý (=deliberate)

ex) His action is intentional.

ex) She felt she was a victim of intentional discrimination.

(un)intentionally

(adv) deliberately

ex) She would never intentionally hurt anyone.

mount

/maʊnt/

(v) to organize and begin sth

ex) Residents mounted a campaign to fight the plans.

ex) an attack mounted by terrorists

mount

(v) increase gradually

ex) The death toll continues to mount.

surmount

/sərˈmaʊnt/

(v) to deal successfully with a difficulty (vượt qua)

ex) You should be aware of difficulties that you will need to surmount.

mountain

(n) núi

mountain

(n) a very large amount or number of sth

ex) a mountain of work.

ex) Her husband went off with another woman and left her facing a mountain of debt.

mountaineer

/ˌmaʊntəˈnɪə(r)/

(n) a person who climbs mountains as a sport

ex) I’m a mountaineer. I don’t climb mountains because of experiencing and discovering,

mountaineering

/ˌmaʊntəˈnɪərɪŋ/

(n) ​the sport or activity of climbing mountains

ex) to go mountaineering (thể thao)

ex) a mountaineering expedition (hoạt động leo núi thám hiểm)

(in)surmountable

(adj) possible to deal with or solve successfully (vượt qua được)

ex) I think this challenge is surmountable.

mountainous

/ˈmaʊntənəs/

(adj) having many mountains

ex) I prefer coastal area than mountainous area.

mountainous

(adj) very large in size or amount; like a mountain (=huge)

ex) Hey sis!! Your orders are mountainous

mystery

(n) something that is difficult to understand or to explain (điều bí ẩn, bí ẩn)

ex) It is one of the great unsolved mysteries of this century.

(n) the quality of being difficult to understand or to explain, especially when this makes sb/sth seem interesting and exciting

ex) Vermouth is a woman of mystery.

mysterious

(adj) difficult to understand or explain; strange and interesting because you don’t know much about them. (bí ẩn)

ex) He died in mysterious circumstances.

ex) She meets a mysterious stranger who offers to help her.

mysterious

(n) (of a place) seeming strange or secret (huyền bí)

ex) The gardens looked dark and mysterious in the twilight.

mysterious

(adj) (of people) not saying much about something, especially when other people want to know more

ex) He was being very mysterious about where he was going.

mystify

/ˈmɪstɪfaɪ/

(v) ​to make somebody confused because they do not understand something (làm ai đó bối rối, rối trí)

ex) His action mystified me. I didn’t understand why he did that.

mystification

/ˌmɪstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/

(n) a feeling of being confused because you do not understand something

ex) He looked at her in mystification.

mysteriously

(adv) một cách bí ẩn, kì lạ

ex) My watch had mysteriously disappeared.

occur

/əˈkɜːr/

(v) to happen

ex) When exactly did the incident occur?

occur

(v) to exist or be found somewhere

ex) Sugar occurs naturally in fruit.

recur

(v) to happen again or a number of times (tái diễn, lặp đi lặp lại)

ex) This theme recurs several times throughout the book.

ex) a recurring nightmare

occurrence

/əˈkɜːrəns/

(n) [countable] sư xuất hiện, sự tồn tại

ex) The program count occurrences of any word within the text.

ex) a link between the occurrence of skin cancer and the use of computer monitors. (uncountable)

recurrence

/rɪˈkɜːrəns/

(n) sự tái diễn, tái phát

ex) His attempts to prevent a recurrence of the problem is vital.

recurring

(adj) happening many times, happening again

ex) The father-daughter relationship is a recurring theme (chủ đề thường xuyên) in her novels.

ex) For much of his life he suffered rom recurring bouts of depression. (tái diễn)

(adj) định kì

recurrent

/rɪˈkɜːrənt/

(adj) that happens again and again (thường xuyên, tái phát, tái diễn)

(im)probable

/ˈprɑːbəbl/

(adj) ​likely to happen, to exist or to be true (có khả năng, có thể [xảy ra], chắc [hẳn])

ex) It is probable that the disease has a genetic element.

ex) The probable cause of death is heart failure

=> Nguyên nhân tử vong có thể là do suy tim.

(im)probability

/ˌprɑːbəˈbɪləti/

(n) khả năng [xảy ra]

ex) The probability is that prices will rise rapidly.

ex) There seemed to be a high probability of success. (khả năng thành công cao)

(im)probability

[countable] (n) a thing that is likely to happen (điều có khả năng xảy ra, điều có thể xảy ra)

ex) Increasing crime rate is the probability in the modern society.

probably

(adv) có thể, có khả năng, chắc

ex) I think you’re probably right.

ex) ‘Do we need the car?’ ‘Probably not.’

improbably

(adv) ​in a way that that you have never expected or it is not likely to happen or be true (không tưởng)

ex) a improbbaly cheap price

ex) an improbably happy ending

risk

[countable] (n) the possibility of something bad happening at some time in the future (khả năng bất trắc, rủi ro)

ex) Is there a risk of bomb exploding?

ex) We must try to reduce the risk of any trouble.

ex) We need to minimize the risk of failure.

risk

(n) mối nguy hiểm

ex) This man is considered as a risk to national security.

risky

/ˈrɪski/

(adj) involving the possibility of something bad happening (rủi ro, nguy hiểm, mạo hiểm)

ex) Participating in this organisation is risky

seem

(v) có vẻ, dường như, coi bộ, trông

ex) You seem (chủ quan) happy.

ex) It seems likely that they will lose the election.

ex) She seems to be (khách quan) a smart woman.

ex) I can't seem to (= I've tried, but I can't) get started today.

seeming

(adj) ​appearing to be something that may not be true (ra vẻ, làm ra vẻ)

ex) He said, with seeming joy, that his wife has had a baby.

seemingly

(adv) according to what you have read, known or heard

ex) Seemingly, she has broken up

threat

/θret/

(n) lời đe dọa, sự đe dọa

ex) She is prepared to carry out her threat to resign.

threat

/θret/

[countable] (n) mối đe dọa, mối hiểm họa

ex) Drugs pose a major threat to our society.

threat

(n) nguy cơ (xảy ra vấn đề, vv)

ex) There is a threat of rain

threaten

/ˈθretn/

(v) đe dọa, hăm dọa

ex) They broke my windows and threatened me.

ex) The attacker threatened them with a gun.

ex) The hijackers threatened to kill one passenger every hour if their demands were not met.

threatened

(passive form) bị đe dọa

threatening

(adj) mang tính đe dọa, hăm dọa

ex) threatening letters

Opposite: non-threatening

threateningly

(adv) một cách đe dọa, đe dọa

ex) He glared at her threateningly.

=> Anh ấy liếc nhìn cô đe dọa

wild

(adj) hoang dã, hoang, dại (living or growing in natural conditions)

ex) The plants grow wild along the banks of rivers.

ex) a wild bear/flower

wild

(adj) full of very strong feeling (điên cuồng, cuồng nhiệt)

ex) The crowd went wild.

ex) Everything about her drove him wild (= made him like her very much - làm anh ấy phát điên).

wild

(adj) having no discipline or control (buông thả, không khuôn phép; lộn xộn, bù xù)

ex) She led a wild life in her youth

ex) She had a wild hair.

wild

/waɪld/

(n) a natural environment that is not controlled by people (nơi hoang dã)

ex) The bird is too tame now to survive in the wild.

wild

(adj) not carefully planned; not sensible or accurate (thiếu suy nghĩ, bừa bãi)

ex) He made a wild guess (đoán bừa bãi) at the answer.

wild about sth

(adj) say mê gì đó

ex) She is wild about him