Neuroanatomy HW 10

Broca’s area is located on the dominant ___ gyrus and is the key region for ____ language.

inferior frontal; expressive

Wernicke's area is traditionally located on the dominant ____ gyrus and is the key region for ____ language.

superior temporal; receptive

The best-known white matter pathway between Wernicke's and Broca's areas is the____ which is traditionally associated with this language function: ______

arcuate fasciculus; repetition

These areas (and the aphasias that result from damage to them) are called Perisylvian because they surround the Sylvian fissure.

perisylvian

The key difference in the presentation of perisylvian and extrasylvian aphasias is that this function is spared in extrasylvian aphasias

repetition

Impaired receptive language; fluent, nonsensical expression

Wernicke’s aphasia

Impaired expressive and receptive language: what aphasia

Global aphasia

Impaired reading: what is the condition

alexia

Impaired repetition: what is the condition

conduction aphasia

Impaired single-word naming

anomia

Impaired skilled movements

apraxia

Impaired writing/spelling

agraphia

Nonfluent, agrammatic expression

Broca’s aphasia

What is the aphasia associated with this brain region: Dominant anterior AND posterior perisylvian regions

Global aphasia

What is the aphasia associated with this brain region:Dominant arcuate fasciculus

conduction aphasia

What is the aphasia associated with this brain region: Dominant inferior frontal gyrus

Broca’s aphasia

What is the aphasia associated with this brain region: Dominant inferior parietal lobule

Gerstmann’s syndrome/Agraphia without aphasia

What is the aphasia associated with this brain region: Dominant occipital cortex and underlying white matter (splenium):

Alexia without agraphia

What is the aphasia associated with this brain region: Dominant posterior superior temporal gyrus

Wernicke’s aphasia

What is the least localizable form of aphasia?

Anomia

What are the four components of Gerstmann’s syndrome?

Agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia

Apraxia is poorly localizable but typically results from damage to the ___________________ hemisphere.

dominant

In this category of neurodegenerative diseases, language dysfunction is the first and most prominent symptom

primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

Name 3 functions of the frontal lobes

limbic functions, executive function, language, olfaction, motor planning

Dorsolateral PFC descriptor and specific functions

Cold EF; WM, planning, problem solving

Ventromedial PFC descriptor and functions

Hot EF; inhibition/impulse control, emotional regulation

Name one aspect of learning and memory that the PFC contributes to

concentration and retrieval, WM, organizing information

Which verbal fluency test is more disrupted by executive/frontal lobe dysfunction?

Phonemic/letter fluency

Under what conditions is the grasp reflex present?

typical infancy and frontal lobe damage

Name a disorder/condition associated with frontal lobe damage/dysfunction or “frontal symptoms”:

autism, ADHD

A common symptom across learning disorders is

executive dysfunction

___________________ attention is a diffuse/global brain process, whereas ___________________ attention is more specifically associated with the frontal and parietal lobes.

basic; complex

Spatial attention cortical area

nondominant parietal cortex

Working memory and sustained attention cortical area

prefrontal cortex

Initiation of eye movements toward targets cortical area

frontal eye fields

Motivational aspects of attention cortical area

anterior cingulate

Name the two primary regions involved in the central executive network (CEN)

DLPFC, PPC (posterior parietal cortex)

Name the three primary regions involved in the default mode network (DMN):

Medial prefrontal cortex, medial parietal cortex, posterior inferior parietal lobule

ADHD is generally associated with ____________ of the DMN during cognitive tasks.

less inhibition/more activity

 The ____ network detects and filters important stimuli and mediates switching between the DMN and CEN.

salience

Brain region most likely to be affected with alexia without agraphia

occipital lobe and underlying white matter

Brain region most likely to be affected with anterograde amnesia

Mesial temporal lobe

Brain region most likely to be affected with anxiety

amygdala

Brain region most likely to be affected with ataxia

cerebellum

Brain region most likely to be affected with Broca’s aphasia

dominant inferior frontal gyrus

Brain region most likely to be affected with conduction aphasia

dominant arcuate fasciculus

Brain region most likely to be affected with cortical blindness

bilateral occipital lobes

Brain region most likely to be affected with executive dysfunction

prefrontal cortex

Brain region most likely to be affected with Gerstmann’s syndrome/agraphia w/o aphasia

dominant inferior parietal lobule

Brain region most likely to be affected with hypokinetic movement

basal ganglia

Brain region most likely to be affected with neglect, simultanagnosia

nondominant parietal lobe

Brain region most likely to be affected with prosopagnosia, achromatopsia

fusiform gyrus

Brain region most likely to be affected with Wernicke’s aphasia

dominant posterior superior temporal gyrus

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause Weakness/numbness in the upper body

MCA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause Weakness/numbness in the lower body

ACA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause amnestic memory impairment

PCA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause cortical blindness

PCA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause prosopagnosia

PCA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause Broca’s aphasia

MCA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause Wernicke’s aphasia

MCA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause Gerstmann’s syndrome

MCA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause neglect

MCA or PCA

Stroke to which major cerebral artery would most likely cause executive dysfunction

ACA or MCA