Roman core 1 - Republic to empire

changes Augustus made to the political system

increased number of senators to 300

requirements to be consul

must be 46 in theory, voted on by the senate, equites and plebs

date Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus

19 BC

example of difference in Latin vs Greek version of the Res Gestae

oath of allegiance to me vs serve in the army under my oath

when was the battle of Philippi

42 BC

who was defeated at the battle of Philippi

Brutus and Cassius

what was promised after the battle of Philippi

the temple of Mars Ultor by Octavian

Temple of Mars Ultor and forum of Augustus

second largest temple at the time, many different types of marble, porticoes inspired by the caryatids, exedra with the great men of Rome’s past

official process for deification

motion put forward, senate votes

example of local elites (not under Roman control) supporting the Roman regime

Sebastion at Aphrodisias

priestly colleges

restricted to patricians and made distinctions between what was correct and incorrect religious practice

comedy about slavery

Trimalchio’s feast in Petronius’ Satyricon

material evidence of a slave who became a priest

Tomb of Lusius Storax (sacrifice, procession, gifts of money, gladiatorial games)

number of sesterces Gaius used on his house which Tiberius had left him

2,700,000,000 sesterces

ancient author who hated villas which were just for luxury

Varro, On agriculture III 2.5-6

literary evidence of Roman domestic architecture in the provinces

Cicero tells Atticus that he had a miniature Rome in Cumae

ancient author who says a house enhances a man’s character if the man is good

Cicero

Ancient stoic author who praises Scipio’s modest life and thinks society is going downhill

Seneca

possible owner of the house of the Papyri

Piso the younger

Pliny comment on the House of the Papyri and what made it so rich

it looked like a bunch of cities from the coast, water features, no production, multiple layers of terracing, dependent on Herculaneum for necessary facilities

dates for peak in shipwrecks

first century BC and AD

example of a shipwreck to support the increased number of shipwrecks

Capo Corso 2 wreck (late 1st century BC-early 1st century AD) - carrying glassware, between Italy and France

Example of an earlier shipwreck

Wreck of the Madrague de Giens (75-60 BC)

literary evidence for trade

liber coloniarum and the tablets of Murecine - tell us about non-durable products and imperial freedmen involved in moneylending

Euergetism meaning

practice where wealthy elites voluntarily fund public works for social honour and political prestige

evidence of literary rejection of the imperial cult (Athens)

Cassius Dio says that the statue of Athena Parthenon turned West and spat blood

evidence of ‘Romanisation’ in Athens

Roman agora, Agrippeion, temple of Roma and Augustus on the Acropolis (19 BC)

date Athens became part of the Achaea province

27 BC

first Roman to have his portrait on coins

Caesar

Only sculpture made of Caesar in his lifetime

the Tusculum portrait

portrait of Caesar after his deification

Chiaramonti Caesar

Age of Octavian when he came to power

19

Type of portrait associated with early Octavian

Type III portrait, Octavian/Actium portrait

inscription on Octavian coins

DIVI F.

type of portrait associated with Augustus after 27 BC

Prima Porta type and he starts to wear Apollo’s laurel wreath

year Octavian became Augustus

27 BC

How do Tiberius’ portraits make him look Julian?

triangular head, angular jaw, similar shaped ears, and hairstyle

How can Tiberius’ portrait be differentiated?

thin lips, larger nose, wide eyes

portrait type associated with middle aged Augustus

Adoption type, imperius maius type, main imperial type

who does the adoption type portrait looked look like and how?

Caesar, Gaius and Lucius Caesar - cap of hair in comma shaped locks, long hair down the neck, smooth face, pointed chins, straight bow ridges, and round lips

imperial female hairstyle

nodus (the knot)

what is Augustus’ body portrayed as at the beginning of his portraiture?

complete or partial nudity like a Hellenistic king

what is Augustus’ body portrayed as when he is the first citizen?

in military armour, the toga virilis, or as pontifex maximus

example of Augustus with capite velato

via Labicana Augustus in the Vatican

the symbol of the lituus

sign of religious authority from Etruria

When and why was the Ara Pacis commissioned?

13 BC to celebrate Augustus’ return from Spain

archaeological evidence with many statues of the imperial family and non-imperial people

Basilica at Veleia

temples in the forum of Caesar

temple of Castor and temple of Venus Genetrix

statue in the middle of Caesar’s forum

Alexander the Great on his horse but with the head changed to Caesar

which ancient author says Caesar planned to build a new theatre to rival Pompey’s

Cassius Dio 42.9

When did the use of marble become widespread

after Actium (31 BC)

How many temples does Augustus claim he restores or built in the Res Gestae?

82 temples

when was Augustus’ forum inaugurated?

2 BC

when and where was the temple of divus Julius dedicated?

29 BC where his body was cremated

why was the arch of Augustus built?

to commemorate the return of the Parthian standards

When, where and Why was the Horologium built?

10 BC, in the Campus Martius, on the anniversary of the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra

Info about the Horologium in the Campus Martius

made from an old obelisk, covered in hieroglyphs, shadow hit the Ara Pacis on Augsutus’ birthday

Caesar’s theatre to rival Pompey

Theatre of Marcellus, 13 BC, finished by Augsutus, could hold over 20,000 people

Nero helping the city

Suetonius tells us in AD 42 Nero finished aqueducts started by Claudius

Where is Ostia?

next to the mouth of the Tiber

In tradition who was Ostia founded by?

the 4th king of Rome

When was the castrum (military building) built in Ostia?

c.275 BC

When did Ostia expand to more than a castrum?

2nd century BC

When, why and who built the walls around Ostia?

63 BC after pirates plundered in 67 BC, by Cicero and finished by his political rival

What does an inscription in Ostia say?

that the senate and people of Rome gave gates to the colony of Ostia

significant buildings in Ostia

theatre and porticus post scaenam in marble by Agrippa 18-17 BC

significant buildings in Ostia forum under the reign of Augustus

two temples on the North side

significant buildings in Ostia forum under the reign of Augustus or Tiberius

temple of Roma and Augustus

publicly owned warehouse in the West of Ostia

could hold grain for 14-17 people for a year

when did Claudius start the artificial harbour in Ostia?

42 AD

Three important cities for the exam

Ostia, Lepcis Magna, Ephesos

why was the position of Lepcis Magna so important?

one of three viable ports along this coast

Archaeological evidence Lepcis Magna was a site for trading

It was a Punic civic centre where Corinthian pottery was found

Punishment for Lepcis Magna helping Pompey in the civil war

olive oil tax in the mid first century BC

how did the urban layout of Lepcis Magna change in 9 BC - AD 14

entire layout shifted by 20 degrees to expand to meet the sea

significant buildings in Lepcis Magna

temple of Roma and Augustus, law courts, temple of Liber Pater, temple of Hercules, Macellum, Chalcidicum, and first surviving Greco-Roman hybrid theatre in Africa

Who dedicated the theatre at Lepcis Magna?

Annobal Tapapius Rufus

Who was Mr Ephesos, and made an aqueduct involving 6 bridge?

Sextilius Pollio

significant buildings in Ephesos

Stoa Basilica, temple of Artemis and Augustus, gate of Mazaeus and Mithradates (freedmen), Heroon to Androklos, tomb of Arsinoë, monument of Memmius, theatre

Who was the best dictator in Roman history

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

How many dictatorships did Caesar hold?

4

how long was Caesar’s third dictatorship? and fourth?

10 years, for life

latin phrase for the laws detailing the dictator’s power

rei gerundae causa

Caesar - assassinations “were just as infrequent as they are in our society”

Woolf (Caesar)

Caesar - Augustus used “power in terms of Republican traditions and institutions”

Yegul and Favro (Caesar)

latin phrase for “first among equals'“

primus inter pares

date Augustus restored the power of elections

27 BC

date Augustus resigned from the consulship

23 BC

Important quotes from the Res Gestae

did not take any power contrary to “ancestral customs” 6.1, he “transferred rights of ownership from my power to that of the senate and people of Rome” 34.1-3

Horace Odes 3.14.15f quote about Augustus

“I fear no more to die by violence while Caesar holds the earth”

what did Augustus’ coins say after Actium?

LIBERTATIS P R VINDEX (“champion of the roman people”)

quote from Dio Cassius 56.30 and Suetonius Augustus 28 about Augustus

I found Rome a city of mudbrick, I leave you a city of marble!”

buildings - “competition among patrons, was now simply a form of serving the gods”

Zanker and Shapiro (buildings)

quote from Vitruvius, on architecture, preface about buildings in Rome

‘majesty of the empire was expressed through the eminent dignity of Rome’s buildings’

Buildings - Parthian arch “presented Augustus as the culmination and fulfilment of tradition – the man who had won more triumphs and held more consulships than any other”

Wallice-Handrill (buildings)

imperial cult - “Young Octavian, with no political office but with troops at his disposal, was able to foster Caesar’s cult and use these events to his own advantage”

Gwynaeth McIntyre (imperial cult)

imperial cult - “Roman imperialism did make a difference to the religions of its imperial territory”

Mary Beard, John North and Simon Price (imperial cult)

imperial cult - “embassies to seek imperial benefactions often coincided with the creation of new priesthoods, festival, and temples for the emperor”

John B. Lott (imperial cult)

material evidence for Augustus’ focus on dynasty

Gemma Augustea

Dynasty - “The change in focus was to a large extent promoted by Augustus himself. His diagnostic strategies were decidedly cautious at the beginning of his rain, but he gradually began to emphasise the future of the dynasty in addition to its past”

Amanda Claridge (dynasty)