cells, cell system

what are the 2 types of cells?

prokaryote and eukaryote

what is a cell membrane?

the outer layer of a cell that controls what enters and leaves. It protects the cell and helps it communicate with its surroundings.

what’s the nucleus?

the control center of a cell. It holds the cell’s DNA and tells the cell how to grow, work, and reproduce.

what are microtubles?

tiny tubes inside cells that help keep the cell’s shape and move things around.

what is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the 2 types?

a network of tubes inside a cell that helps make and transport proteins and fats.

rough ER: which has ribosomes and makes proteins.

smooth ER: which makes fats and helps detoxify the cell.

what is golgi apparatus?

It packages, sorts, and sends proteins and other materials to where they need to go inside or outside the cell.

what are lysosomes?

small parts inside cells that act like the cell’s garbage disposal. They break down waste, old cell parts, and harmful materials so the cell can stay clean and healthy.

what is mitochondria?

powerhouses of the cell. They take in nutrients and turn them into energy that the cell can use to do its work.

what is chloroplast?

are parts of plant cells that capture sunlight and use it to make food through a process called photosynthesis. They give plants their green color.

what are cell walls?

strong outer layers found in plant cells, bacteria, and fungi. They give the cell shape and protect it from damage.

what are vacuoles?

storage inside cells that hold water, nutrients, and waste materials. In plant cells, usually large and help keep the plant firm by storing water.

what is centriole?

small structures found in animal cells that help with cell division. They help organize the parts that pull the cell apart when it splits into two new cells.

what are the steps of the cell cycle?

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

what are the stages of “interphase”

1. growth stage 1 (G1)

2. synthesis stage (S)

3. growth stage 2 (G2)

what is G1?

the first stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows bigger and does its normal jobs to get ready for DNA copying.

what is the S phase?

when the cell makes a copy of its DNA so it can share it when it splits into two new cells.

what is g2?

when the cell gets everything ready to split into two new cells. It checks to make sure it’s all set before dividing.

what are the 4 phases of mitosis?

1. prophase

2. metaphase

3. anaphase

4. telophase

what is prophase?

the first step in cell division where the DNA gets packed up into little X-shaped pieces called chromosomes.

what is metaphase?

the step in cell division when all the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, getting ready to be pulled apart into the two new cells.

what is anaphase?

when the chromosomes get pulled apart. The two halves of each chromosome move to opposite sides of the cell.

what is telophase?

the last step in cell division where the chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell. The cell starts to split into two, and new membranes form around each set of chromosomes.

what is cytokenesis?

the final step where the cell actually splits into two separate cells. It’s like the last cut that finishes the job of making two new cells.